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The concept of proof is formalized in the field of mathematical logic. [ 12] A formal proof is written in a formal language instead of natural language. A formal proof is a sequence of formulas in a formal language, starting with an assumption, and with each subsequent formula a logical consequence of the preceding ones.
Euclidean geometry is a mathematical system attributed to ancient Greek mathematician Euclid, which he described in his textbook on geometry, Elements. Euclid's approach consists in assuming a small set of intuitively appealing axioms (postulates) and deducing many other propositions ( theorems) from these. Although many of Euclid's results had ...
Fundamental theorem of arithmetic. Gauss–Markov theorem (brief pointer to proof) Gödel's incompleteness theorem. Gödel's first incompleteness theorem. Gödel's second incompleteness theorem. Goodstein's theorem. Green's theorem (to do) Green's theorem when D is a simple region. Heine–Borel theorem.
Proof without words of the AM–GM inequality: PR is the diameter of a circle centered on O; its radius AO is the arithmetic mean of a and b. Using the geometric mean theorem, triangle PGR's altitude GQ is the geometric mean. For any ratio a:b, AO ≥ GQ. Visual proof that (x + y) 2 ≥ 4xy. Taking square roots and dividing by two gives the AM ...
The triangle inequality is a defining property of norms and measures of distance. This property must be established as a theorem for any function proposed for such purposes for each particular space: for example, spaces such as the real numbers, Euclidean spaces, the L p spaces ( p ≥ 1 ), and inner product spaces .
Menelaus's theorem. In Euclidean geometry, Menelaus's theorem, named for Menelaus of Alexandria, is a proposition about triangles in plane geometry. Suppose we have a triangle ABC, and a transversal line that crosses BC, AC, AB at points D, E, F respectively, with D, E, F distinct from A, B, C. A weak version of the theorem states that.
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