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Cell polarity. Cell polarity refers to spatial differences in shape, structure, and function within a cell. Almost all cell types exhibit some form of polarity, which enables them to carry out specialized functions. Classical examples of polarized cells are described below, including epithelial cells with apical-basal polarity, neurons in which ...
Depolarization is essential to the function of many cells, communication between cells, and the overall physiology of an organism. Action potential in a neuron, showing depolarization, in which the cell's internal charge becomes less negative (more positive), and repolarization, where the internal charge returns to a more negative value.
Repolarization is a stage of an action potential in which the cell experiences a decrease of voltage due to the efflux of potassium (K +) ions along its electrochemical gradient. This phase occurs after the cell reaches its highest voltage from depolarization. After repolarization, the cell hyperpolarizes as it reaches resting membrane ...
Polarization is observed in the light of the sky, as this is due to sunlight scattered by aerosols as it passes through Earth's atmosphere. The scattered light produces the brightness and color in clear skies. This partial polarization of scattered light can be used to darken the sky in photographs, increasing the contrast.
Cardiac systole is the contraction of the cardiac muscle in response to an electrochemical stimulus to the heart's cells ( cardiomyocytes ). Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the ventricles in one minute. The ejection fraction is the volume of blood pumped divided by the total volume of blood in the left ventricle.
Antenna (radio) In radio engineering, an antenna ( American English) or aerial ( British English) is an electronic device that converts an alternating electric current into radio waves, or radio waves into an electric current. [ 1][ 2] It is the interface between radio waves propagating through space and electric currents moving in metal ...
In membrane science and technology, concentration polarization refers to the emergence of concentration gradients at a membrane/solution interface resulted from selective transfer of some species through the membrane under the effect of transmembrane driving forces. [ 4] Generally, the cause of concentration polarization is the ability of a ...
Political polarization (spelled polarisation in British English, African and Caribbean English, and New Zealand English) is the divergence of political attitudes away from the center, towards ideological extremes. [ 1][ 2][ 3] Scholars distinguish between ideological polarization (differences between the policy positions) and affective ...