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Shear modulus. In materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is a measure of the elastic shear stiffness of a material and is defined as the ratio of shear stress to the shear strain: [ 1] where. = shear strain. In engineering , elsewhere.
Young's modulus is defined as the ratio of the stress (force per unit area) applied to the object and the resulting axial strain (displacement or deformation) in the linear elastic region of the material. Although Young's modulus is named after the 19th-century British scientist Thomas Young, the concept was developed in 1727 by Leonhard Euler.
Quadrature amplitude modulation ( QAM) is the name of a family of digital modulation methods and a related family of analog modulation methods widely used in modern telecommunications to transmit information. It conveys two analog message signals, or two digital bit streams, by changing ( modulating) the amplitudes of two carrier waves, using ...
The formula was defined by Jeff Tupper and appears as an example in Tupper's 2001 SIGGRAPH paper on reliable two-dimensional computer graphing algorithms. [1] This paper discusses methods related to the GrafEq formula-graphing program developed by Tupper. [2] Although the formula is called "self-referential", Tupper did not name it as such. [3]
Alternatively, it may be prepared via the reduction of copper (II) acetate with hydrazine: [4] 4 Cu(O 2 CCH 3) 2 + N 2 H 4 + 2 H 2 O→ 2 Cu 2 O + 8 CH 3 CO 2 H + N 2. Aqueous cuprous chloride solutions react with base to give the same material. In all cases, the color of the cuprous oxide is highly sensitive to the procedural details.
1.1.1.3: Crystal system: Cubic: Crystal class: Hexoctahedral (m 3 m) H-M symbol: (4/m 3 2/m) Space group: Fm 3 m: Unit cell: a = 3.615 Å; Z = 4: Identification; Color: Pale rose on fresh surface, quickly darkens to copper-red; in reflected light, pale rose: Crystal habit: As cubes, dodecahedra, and as tetrahexahedra; rarely as octahedra and ...
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Strictly speaking, the bulk modulus is a thermodynamic quantity, and in order to specify a bulk modulus it is necessary to specify how the pressure varies during compression: constant- temperature (isothermal ), constant- entropy ( isentropic ), and other variations are possible. Such distinctions are especially relevant for gases .
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