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  2. Modular arithmetic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic

    Adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock gives 1 o'clock, since 13 is congruent to 1 modulo 12. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book Disquisitiones ...

  3. Modulo - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo

    If p is a prime number which is not a divisor of b, then ab p−1 mod p = a mod p, due to Fermat's little theorem. Inverse: [(−a mod n) + (a mod n)] mod n = 0. b −1 mod n denotes the modular multiplicative inverse, which is defined if and only if b and n are relatively prime, which is the case when the left hand side is defined: [(b −1 ...

  4. ModCloth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ModCloth

    Modcloth was founded in 2002 by Susan Gregg Koger and Eric Koger. Susan and Eric were students at Carnegie Mellon University and launched ModCloth as a website to sell used vintage dresses. [ 4] ModCloth grossed $18,000 in revenue in 2005 and received its first round of seed funding in 2008. [ 5] In 2009, ModCloth reported $15 million in ...

  5. Modulo (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo_(mathematics)

    Modulo is a mathematical jargon that was introduced into mathematics in the book Disquisitiones Arithmeticae by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1801. [3] Given the integers a, b and n, the expression "a ≡ b (mod n)", pronounced "a is congruent to b modulo n", means that a − b is an integer multiple of n, or equivalently, a and b both share the same remainder when divided by n.

  6. Multiplicative order - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_order

    The multiplicative order of a number a modulo n is the order of a in the multiplicative group whose elements are the residues modulo n of the numbers coprime to n, and whose group operation is multiplication modulo n. This is the group of units of the ring Zn; it has φ ( n) elements, φ being Euler's totient function, and is denoted as U ( n ...

  7. Multiplicative group of integers modulo n - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_group_of...

    Then () = means that the order of the group is 8 (i.e., there are 8 numbers less than 20 and coprime to it); () = means the order of each element divides 4, that is, the fourth power of any number coprime to 20 is congruent to 1 (mod 20). The set {3,19} generates the group, which means that every element of (/) is of the form 3 a × 19 b (where ...

  8. Wilson's theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson's_theorem

    Wilson's theorem. In algebra and number theory, Wilson's theorem states that a natural number n > 1 is a prime number if and only if the product of all the positive integers less than n is one less than a multiple of n. That is (using the notations of modular arithmetic ), the factorial satisfies. exactly when n is a prime number.

  9. Quadratic residue - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_residue

    The quadratic excess E ( p) is the number of quadratic residues on the range (0, p /2) minus the number in the range ( p /2, p) (sequence A178153 in the OEIS ). For p congruent to 1 mod 4, the excess is zero, since −1 is a quadratic residue and the residues are symmetric under r ↔ p − r.