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Geographical distance or geodetic distance is the distance measured along the surface of the Earth, or the shortest arch length. The formulae in this article calculate distances between points which are defined by geographical coordinates in terms of latitude and longitude. This distance is an element in solving the second (inverse) geodetic ...
Angular distance. Angular distance or angular separation is the measure of the angle between the orientation of two straight lines, rays, or vectors in three-dimensional space, or the central angle subtended by the radii through two points on a sphere. When the rays are lines of sight from an observer to two points in space, it is known as the ...
Meridian arc. In geodesy and navigation, a meridian arc is the curve between two points on the Earth's surface having the same longitude. The term may refer either to a segment of the meridian, or to its length . The purpose of measuring meridian arcs is to determine a figure of the Earth . One or more measurements of meridian arcs can be used ...
Longitude ( / ˈlɒndʒɪtjuːd /, AU and UK also / ˈlɒŋɡɪ -/) [1] [2] is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east – west position of a point on the surface of the Earth, or another celestial body. It is an angular measurement, usually expressed in degrees and denoted by the Greek letter lambda (λ). Meridians are imaginary ...
Earth radius (denoted as R🜨 or ) is the distance from the center of Earth to a point on or near its surface. Approximating the figure of Earth by an Earth spheroid, the radius ranges from a maximum of nearly 6,378 km (3,963 mi) ( equatorial radius, denoted a) to a minimum of nearly 6,357 km (3,950 mi) ( polar radius, denoted b ).
The haversine formula allows the haversine of θ (that is, hav (θ)) to be computed directly from the latitude (represented by φ) and longitude (represented by λ) of the two points: where. λ1, λ2 are the longitude of point 1 and longitude of point 2. Finally, the haversine function hav (θ), applied above to both the central angle θ and ...
The nautical mile (nmi) was originally defined as the arc length of a minute of latitude on a spherical Earth, so the actual Earth circumference is very near 21 600 nmi. A minute of arc is π 10 800 of a radian . A second of arc, arcsecond (arcsec), or arc second, denoted by the symbol ″, [2] is 1 60 of an arcminute, 1 3600 of a degree, [1] 1 ...
e. Epicentral distance refers to the ground distance from the epicenter to a specified point. [1] Generally, the smaller the epicentral distance of an earthquake of the same scale, the heavier the damage caused by the earthquake. On the contrary, with the increase of epicentral distance, the damage caused by the earthquake is gradually reduced. [2]
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