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Quadratic Reciprocity (Legendre's statement). If p or q are congruent to 1 modulo 4, then: is solvable if and only if is solvable. If p and q are congruent to 3 modulo 4, then: is solvable if and only if is not solvable. The last is immediately equivalent to the modern form stated in the introduction above.
Modulo is a mathematical jargon that was introduced into mathematics in the book Disquisitiones Arithmeticae by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1801. [3] Given the integers a, b and n, the expression "a ≡ b (mod n)", pronounced "a is congruent to b modulo n", means that a − b is an integer multiple of n, or equivalently, a and b both share the same remainder when divided by n.
The constants R mod N and R 3 mod N can be generated as REDC(R 2 mod N) and as REDC((R 2 mod N)(R 2 mod N)). The fundamental operation is to compute REDC of a product. When standalone REDC is needed, it can be computed as REDC of a product with 1 mod N. The only place where a direct reduction modulo N is necessary is in the precomputation of R ...
a ≡ 1 (mod 4) if n is divisible by 4 but not 8; or a ≡ 1 (mod 8) if n is divisible by 8. Note: This theorem essentially requires that the factorization of n is known. Also notice that if gcd( a , n ) = m , then the congruence can be reduced to a / m ≡ x 2 / m (mod n / m ) , but then this takes the problem away from quadratic residues ...
Adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock gives 1 o'clock, since 13 is congruent to 1 modulo 12. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book Disquisitiones ...
Cubic reciprocity is a collection of theorems in elementary and algebraic number theory that state conditions under which the congruence x 3 ≡ p (mod q) is solvable; the word "reciprocity" comes from the form of the main theorem, which states that if p and q are primary numbers in the ring of Eisenstein integers, both coprime to 3, the congruence x 3 ≡ p (mod q) is solvable if and only if ...
In modular arithmetic, the integers coprime (relatively prime) to n from the set of n non-negative integers form a group under multiplication modulo n, called the multiplicative group of integers modulo n. Equivalently, the elements of this group can be thought of as the congruence classes, also known as residues modulo n, that are coprime to n .
Division by 2 yields: 2j ≡ 1 (mod 3) The Euclidean modular multiplicative inverse of 2 mod 3 is 2. After multiplying both sides with the inverse, we obtain: j ≡ 2 × 1 (mod 3) or j ≡ 2 (mod 3) For the above to be true: j = 2 + 3k for some integer k. Now substitute back into 3 + 4j and we obtain x = 3 + 4(2 + 3k) Expand: x = 11 + 12k