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Learn about the history, definition and properties of the Cartesian coordinate system, a geometric tool that specifies each point in a plane or space by a pair of real numbers. See examples, equations and applications of Cartesian coordinates in geometry, algebra, calculus and more.
Learn how to measure and communicate positions on Earth using latitude and longitude, and how different geodetic datums affect the coordinates. Explore the history and standards of the geographic coordinate system and its applications in cartography and geodesy.
Learn about the history, conventions, and applications of the polar coordinate system, a two-dimensional coordinate system based on distance and angle from a reference point. Find out how to convert between polar and Cartesian coordinates, and how to extend the system to three dimensions.
Latitude is a coordinate that specifies the north-south position of a point on the surface of the Earth or another celestial body. Learn how latitude is defined on a sphere, an ellipsoid and a plane, and how it is measured with different methods and instruments.
Learn how to convert geographic coordinates among different formats, systems and datums. Find formulas, methods and examples for latitude, longitude, height and other parameters.
A projected coordinate system is a type of spatial reference system that represents locations on Earth using Cartesian coordinates (x, y) on a planar surface created by a particular map projection. The term easting is used to refer to the x coordinate in many systems such as UTM, and is often paired with northing, the y coordinate.
Learn about the different types of map projections, how they transform the curved surface of a globe onto a plane, and how they preserve or compromise various metric properties. Explore the distortion of shapes, areas, directions and distances on different projections using various methods and examples.
Learn about different types of coordinate systems, such as Cartesian, polar, cylindrical, spherical, and homogeneous, and how they are used to represent points and geometric objects in Euclidean space. See formulas, diagrams, and applications of coordinate transformations.