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estate. Landed property, tenement of land, especially with respect to an easement ( servitude ). 2 types: praedium dominans - dominant estate ( aka dominant tenement) praedium serviens - servient estate ( aka servient tenement) praeemptio. previous purchase. Right of first refusal. praesumptio. presumption.
Universal generalization / instantiation. Existential generalization / instantiation. In propositional logic and Boolean algebra, De Morgan's laws, [ 1][ 2][ 3] also known as De Morgan's theorem, [ 4] are a pair of transformation rules that are both valid rules of inference. They are named after Augustus De Morgan, a 19th-century British ...
A "burden of proof" is a party's duty to prove a disputed assertion or charge, and includes the burden of production (providing enough evidence on an issue so that the trier-of-fact decides it rather than in a peremptory ruling like a directed verdict) and the burden of persuasion (standard of proof such as preponderance of the evidence).
Bayes' theorem (alternatively Bayes' law or Bayes' rule, after Thomas Bayes) gives a mathematical rule for inverting conditional probabilities, allowing us to find the probability of a cause given its effect. [ 1] For example, if the risk of developing health problems is known to increase with age, Bayes' theorem allows the risk to an ...
For example, it can be used to prove the weak law of large numbers. Its practical usage is similar to the 68–95–99.7 rule , which applies only to normal distributions . Chebyshev's inequality is more general, stating that a minimum of just 75% of values must lie within two standard deviations of the mean and 88.89% within three standard ...
A triangle with sides a, b, and c. In geometry, Heron's formula (or Hero's formula) gives the area of a triangle in terms of the three side lengths Letting be the semiperimeter of the triangle, the area is [ 1] It is named after first-century engineer Heron of Alexandria (or Hero) who proved it in his ...
Law of total expectation. The proposition in probability theory known as the law of total expectation, [ 1] the law of iterated expectations[ 2] ( LIE ), Adam's law, [ 3] the tower rule, [ 4] and the smoothing theorem, [ 5] among other names, states that if is a random variable whose expected value is defined, and is any random variable on the ...
In mathematics, Descartes' rule of signs, described by René Descartes in his La Géométrie, counts the roots of a polynomial by examining sign changes in its coefficients. The number of positive real roots is at most the number of sign changes in the sequence of polynomial's coefficients (omitting zero coefficients), and the difference ...