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Adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock gives 1 o'clock, since 13 is congruent to 1 modulo 12. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book Disquisitiones ...
In mathematics, the result of the modulo operation is an equivalence class, and any member of the class may be chosen as representative; however, the usual representative is the least positive residue, the smallest non-negative integer that belongs to that class (i.e., the remainder of the Euclidean division ). [ 2]
If q ≡ 1 (mod 4) then q is a quadratic residue (mod p) if and only if there exists some integer b such that p ≡ b 2 (mod q). If q ≡ 3 (mod 4) then q is a quadratic residue (mod p) if and only if there exists some integer b which is odd and not divisible by q such that p ≡ ±b 2 (mod 4q). This is equivalent to quadratic reciprocity.
Modulo is a mathematical jargon that was introduced into mathematics in the book Disquisitiones Arithmeticae by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1801. [3] Given the integers a, b and n, the expression "a ≡ b (mod n)", pronounced "a is congruent to b modulo n", means that a − b is an integer multiple of n, or equivalently, a and b both share the same remainder when divided by n.
The quadratic excess E ( p) is the number of quadratic residues on the range (0, p /2) minus the number in the range ( p /2, p) (sequence A178153 in the OEIS ). For p congruent to 1 mod 4, the excess is zero, since −1 is a quadratic residue and the residues are symmetric under r ↔ p − r.
The multiplicative order of a number a modulo n is the order of a in the multiplicative group whose elements are the residues modulo n of the numbers coprime to n, and whose group operation is multiplication modulo n. This is the group of units of the ring Zn; it has φ ( n) elements, φ being Euler's totient function, and is denoted as U ( n ...
Primitive root modulo. n. In modular arithmetic, a number g is a primitive root modulo n if every number a coprime to n is congruent to a power of g modulo n. That is, g is a primitive root modulo n if for every integer a coprime to n, there is some integer k for which gk ≡ a (mod n ). Such a value k is called the index or discrete logarithm ...
PROCEDURE. 1. Begin by rewriting the first congruence as an equation: x = 2a + 1, ∀a ∈ Z. 2. Rewrite the second congruence as an equation, and set the equation found in the first step equal to this equation, since x will substitute the x in the second congruence: x ≡ 2 (mod 3) x = 2a + 1 ≡ 2 (mod 3) 2a ≡ 1 (mod 3)