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This timeline of artificial satellites and space probes includes uncrewed spacecraft including technology demonstrators, observatories, lunar probes, and interplanetary probes. First satellites from each country are included. Not included are most Earth science satellites, commercial satellites or crewed missions .
Explorers Program. An Explorer mission observes Sagittarius A*, the Milky Way's central black hole, flaring. The Explorers program [1] is a NASA exploration program that provides flight opportunities for physics, geophysics, heliophysics, and astrophysics investigations from space. Launched in 1958, Explorer 1 was the first spacecraft of the ...
5 March 1958. U.S. Army Ballistic Missile Agency. Failed to orbit. Vanguard 1. United States. 17 March 1958. U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Oldest artificial satellite in orbit, along with its upper stage. Explorer 3.
Earth observation satellite missions developed by the ESA as of 2019. Earth observation satellites are Earth-orbiting spacecraft with sensors used to collect imagery and measurements of the surface of the earth. These satellites are used to monitor short-term weather, long-term climate change, natural disasters.
The United States Space Surveillance Network (SSN) detects, tracks, catalogs and identifies artificial objects orbiting Earth, e.g. active/inactive satellites, spent rocket bodies, or fragmentation debris. The system is the responsibility of United States Space Command and operated by the United States Space Force and its functions are:
List of USA satellites. This is a list of satellites and spacecraft which have been given USA designations by the United States Air Force. These designations have been applied to most United States military satellites since 1984, and replaced the earlier OPS designation. As of June 2022, USA designations have been assigned to 331 space satellites.
First communications satellite powered by solar cells to recharge storage batteries. October 4, 1960. United States. OSCAR 1. First amateur radio satellite. First satellite ejected into orbit as a secondary launch payload. December 12, 1961. United States. Telstar 1.
The constellation of Molniya-orbiting satellites uses three satellites on different orbital planes, with apogees comparable to those of the geostationary satellites. A Molniya orbit (Russian: Молния, IPA: [ˈmolnʲɪjə] ⓘ, "Lightning") is a type of satellite orbit designed to provide communications and remote sensing coverage over high ...