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Learn about the spherical coordinate system for three-dimensional space, where the position of a point is specified by radial distance, polar angle, and azimuthal angle. Compare different conventions and terminologies for these angles, such as colatitude, elevation, and longitude.
Learn how to measure and communicate positions on Earth using latitude and longitude, and how different geodetic datums affect the coordinates. Explore the history and standards of the geographic coordinate system and its applications in cartography and geodesy.
The North Pole is the point where the Earth's axis of rotation meets its surface, and the direction of true north. Learn about the precise definition, the history of attempts to reach it, and the current challenges of climate change and ice drift.
Learn about the rotation of Earth around its own axis, changes in the orientation of the rotation axis, and the history of the idea of a rotating Earth. Find out how Earth's rotation affects the length of a day, the seasons, the tides, and the shape of the planet.
Learn how to rotate a Cartesian coordinate system by an angle and transform the coordinates of points and curves. See examples, formulas, and applications of rotation of axes in two dimensions.
The galactic coordinate system is a celestial coordinate system with the Sun as its center, the primary direction aligned with the center of the Milky Way Galaxy, and the fundamental plane parallel to an approximation of the galactic plane but offset to its north. It is used to locate objects in the sky with respect to the galaxy, and it is different from the supergalactic coordinate system ...
Web Mercator is a variant of the Mercator map projection used for Web mapping applications. It uses spherical formulas with WGS 84 ellipsoidal coordinates, resulting in a slightly non-conformal projection that distorts angles and areas.
Geodetic coordinates are a type of curvilinear orthogonal coordinate system used in geodesy based on a reference ellipsoid. They include geodetic latitude (north/south), longitude (east/west), and ellipsoidal height (also known as geodetic height).