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The sector contour used to calculate the limits of the Fresnel integrals. This can be derived with any one of several methods. One of them [5] uses a contour integral of the function around the boundary of the sector-shaped region in the complex plane formed by the positive x-axis, the bisector of the first quadrant y = x with x ≥ 0, and a circular arc of radius R centered at the origin.
The last expression is the logarithmic mean. = ( >) = (>) (the Gaussian integral) = (>) = (, >) (+) = (>)(+ +) = (>)= (>) (see Integral of a Gaussian function
Definitions. For real non-zero values of x, the exponential integral Ei ( x) is defined as. The Risch algorithm shows that Ei is not an elementary function. The definition above can be used for positive values of x, but the integral has to be understood in terms of the Cauchy principal value due to the singularity of the integrand at zero. For ...
In 1929, Carl Ludwig Siegel proved that J ν (x), J ' ν (x), and the logarithmic derivative J' ν (x) / J ν (x) are transcendental numbers when ν is rational and x is algebraic and nonzero. [51] The same proof also implies that K ν (x) is transcendental under the same assumptions. [52]
One proof of the chain rule begins by defining the derivative of the composite function f ∘ g, where we take the limit of the difference quotient for f ∘ g as x approaches a: ′ = (()) (()). Assume for the moment that g ( x ) {\displaystyle g(x)\!} does not equal g ( a ) {\displaystyle g(a)} for any x {\displaystyle x} near a ...
Complex color plot of the Laguerre polynomial L n(x) with n as -1 divided by 9 and x as z to the power of 4 from -2-2i to 2+2i. In mathematics, the Laguerre polynomials, named after Edmond Laguerre (1834–1886), are nontrivial solutions of Laguerre's differential equation: ″ + ′ + =, = which is a second-order linear differential equation.
Arbitrary stencil points. For arbitrary stencil points and any derivative of order up to one less than the number of stencil points, the finite difference coefficients can be obtained by solving the linear equations [ 6] where is the Kronecker delta, equal to one if , and zero otherwise. Example, for , order of differentiation :
Symmetric derivative. In mathematics, the symmetric derivative is an operation generalizing the ordinary derivative. It is defined as: [1] [2] The expression under the limit is sometimes called the symmetric difference quotient. [3] [4] A function is said to be symmetrically differentiable at a point x if its symmetric derivative exists at that ...