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dummies .com. For Dummies is an extensive series of instructional reference books which are intended to present non-intimidating guides for readers new to the various topics covered. The series has been a worldwide success with editions in numerous languages. The books are an example of a media franchise, consistently sporting a distinctive ...
Overconfidence effect, a tendency to have excessive confidence in one's own answers to questions. For example, for certain types of questions, answers that people rate as "99% certain" turn out to be wrong 40% of the time. [5] [43] [44] [45] Planning fallacy, the tendency for people to underestimate the time it will take them to complete a ...
Complete Idiot's Guides. The Complete Idiot's Guides (" The Idiot's Guide to ..." series) is a product line of how-to and other reference books published by Dorling Kindersley (DK). The books in this series provide a basic understanding of a complex and popular topics. The term "idiot" is used as hyperbole, to reassure readers that the guides ...
David Hume. The Scottish School of Common Sense was an epistemological philosophy that flourished in Scotland in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Its roots can be found in responses to the writings of such philosophers as John Locke, George Berkeley and David Hume, and its most prominent members were Dugald Stewart, Thomas Reid, William Hamilton and, as has recently been argued, Thomas ...
Linguistics. Literal and figurative language is a distinction that exists in all natural languages; it is studied within certain areas of language analysis, in particular stylistics, rhetoric, and semantics. Literal language uses words exactly according to their direct, straightforward, or conventionally accepted meanings: their denotation.
The common sense is where this comparison happens, and this must occur by comparing impressions (or symbols or markers; σημεῖον, sēmeîon, 'sign, mark') of what the specialist senses have perceived. [16] The common sense is therefore also where a type of consciousness originates, "for it makes us aware of having sensations at all". And ...
Naïve realism. In philosophy of perception and epistemology, naïve realism (also known as direct realism or perceptual realism) is the idea that the senses provide us with direct awareness of objects as they really are. [ 1] When referred to as direct realism, naïve realism is often contrasted with indirect realism. [ 2]
Nominalism. William of Ockham. In metaphysics, nominalism is the view that universals and abstract objects do not actually exist other than being merely names or labels. [ 1][ 2] There are at least two main versions of nominalism. One version denies the existence of universals – things that can be instantiated or exemplified by many ...