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Explainable AI (XAI), often overlapping with interpretable AI, or explainable machine learning (XML), either refers to an artificial intelligence (AI) system over which it is possible for humans to retain intellectual oversight, or refers to the methods to achieve this. [1][2] The main focus is usually on the reasoning behind the decisions or ...
In science, computing, and engineering, a black box is a system which can be viewed in terms of its inputs and outputs (or transfer characteristics), without any knowledge of its internal workings. [ 1 ][ 2 ] Its implementation is "opaque" (black). The term can be used to refer to many inner workings, such as those of a transistor, an engine ...
Black-box testing, sometimes referred to as specification-based testing, [ 1 ] is a method of software testing that examines the functionality of an application without peering into its internal structures or workings. This method of test can be applied virtually to every level of software testing: unit, integration, system and acceptance.
Bayesian optimization. Bayesian optimization is a sequential design strategy for global optimization of black-box functions [1][2][3], that does not assume any functional forms. It is usually employed to optimize expensive-to-evaluate functions. With the rise of artificial intelligence innovation in the 21st century, Bayesian optimizations have ...
black box model: No prior model is available. Most system identification algorithms are of this type. Most system identification algorithms are of this type. In the context of nonlinear system identification Jin et al. [ 9 ] describe grey-box modeling by assuming a model structure a priori and then estimating the model parameters.
Fuzzing. In programming and software development, fuzzing or fuzz testing is an automated software testing technique that involves providing invalid, unexpected, or random data as inputs to a computer program. The program is then monitored for exceptions such as crashes, failing built-in code assertions, or potential memory leaks.
Gray-box testing is beneficial because it takes the straightforward technique of black-box testing and combines it with the code-targeted systems in white-box testing. Gray-box testing is based on requirement test case generation because it presents all the conditions before the program is tested by using the assertion method.
A white box (or glass box, clear box, or open box) is a subsystem whose internals can be viewed but usually not altered. [1] The term is used in systems engineering, software engineering, and in intelligent user interface design, [2][3] where it is closely related to recent interest in explainable artificial intelligence. [4][5] Having access ...