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Roman economy. Solidus depicting Constantine II, and on the reverse Victoria, one of the last deities to appear on Roman coins, gradually transforming into an angel under Christian rule [1] The study of the economies of the ancient city-state of Rome and its empire during the Republican and Imperial periods remains highly speculative.
Roman currency for most of Roman history consisted of gold, silver, bronze, orichalcum and copper coinage. [1] From its introduction during the Republic, in the third century BC, through Imperial times, Roman currency saw many changes in form, denomination, and composition. A feature was the inflationary debasement and replacement of coins over ...
History of Europe. The history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 800 BC), classical antiquity (800 BC to AD 500), the Middle Ages (AD 500–1500), and the modern era (since AD 1500). The first early European modern humans appear in the fossil record about 48,000 years ago, during the ...
The history of money is the development over time of systems for the exchange, storage, and measurement of wealth. Money is a means of fulfilling these functions indirectly and in general rather than directly, as with barter . Money may take a physical form as in coins and notes, or may exist as a written or electronic account.
Ancient method of boiling brine into pure salt in China. Salt, also referred to as table salt or by its chemical formula NaCl (sodium chloride), is an ionic compound made of sodium and chloride ions. All life depends on its chemical properties to survive. It has been used by humans for thousands of years, from food preservation to seasoning.
Ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. [16] The first non-modern human fossil (the Neanderthal ) was discovered in the Neander Valley . [ 17 ] Similarly dated evidence of modern humans has been found in the Swabian Jura , including 42,000-year-old flutes which are the oldest musical instruments ever found, [ 18 ] the ...
Sparta [1] was a prominent city-state in Laconia in ancient Greece. In antiquity, the city-state was known as Lacedaemon ( Λακεδαίμων, Lakedaímōn ), while the name Sparta referred to its main settlement on the banks of the Eurotas River in the Eurotas valley of Laconia, in south-eastern Peloponnese. [2] Around 650 BC, it rose to ...
About 19% of European Christians were part of the Protestant tradition. [32] Russia is the largest Christian country in Europe by population, followed by Germany and Italy. [33] In 2012 Europe constituted in absolute terms the world's largest Christian population. [34] Historically, Europe has been the center and cradle of Christian civilization.