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The figure below shows a point P at latitude φ and longitude λ on the globe and a nearby point Q at latitude φ + δφ and longitude λ + δλ. The vertical lines PK and MQ are arcs of meridians of length Rδφ. [d] The horizontal lines PM and KQ are arcs of parallels of length R(cos φ)δλ.
A geographic coordinate system (GCS) is a spherical or geodetic coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on Earth as latitude and longitude. [1] It is the simplest, oldest and most widely used of the various spatial reference systems that are in use, and forms the basis for most others.
Chart of the far side of the moon with lines of longitude and latitude. The selenographic coordinate system is used to refer to locations on the surface of Earth 's moon . Any position on the lunar surface can be referenced by specifying two numerical values, which are comparable to the latitude and longitude of Earth.
In other words, it is a line of longitude. The position of a point along the meridian is given by that longitude and its latitude, measured in angular degrees north or south of the Equator. On a Mercator projection or on a Gall-Peters projection, each meridian is perpendicular to all circles of latitude.
The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) is a map projection system for assigning coordinates to locations on the surface of the Earth.Like the traditional method of latitude and longitude, it is a horizontal position representation, which means it ignores altitude and treats the earth surface as a perfect ellipsoid.
Some, such as al-Khwarizmi, further developed these works, including creating maps on a graticule of latitude and longitude. During the European Middle Ages , graticules disappeared from the few maps that were produced; T and O maps in particular were more concerned with religious cosmology than accurate representation of location.
A calculator for any latitude is provided by the U.S. Government's National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA). [8] The following graph illustrates the variation of both a degree of latitude and a degree of longitude with latitude. The definition of geodetic latitude (ϕ) and geocentric latitude (θ).
The latitude and longitude of selected points on the rhumb could have then been transferred to the chart and the latitude scale of the chart adjusted so that the rhumb becomes a straight line. There has been no shortage of proposed methods for the construction.
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