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The legend is inscribed with "KRUGERRAND" and the gold weight. The Krugerrand ( / ˈkruːɡərænd /; [ 1] Afrikaans: [ˈkry.ərˌrant]) is a South African coin, first minted on 3 July 1967 to help market South African gold and produced by Rand Refinery and the South African Mint. [ 2][ 3] The name is a compound of Paul Kruger, the former ...
The 1978 series began with denominations of 2, 5, 10, and 20 rand, with a 50 rand introduced in 1984. This series had only one language variant for each denomination of note. Afrikaans was the first language on the 2, 10, and 50 rand, while English was the first on the 5 and 20 rand. A coin replaced the 1 rand note.
Gold, unlike money, is a finite valuable material which can be used as a hedge against the inflation cause by increasing the money supply. [134] Gold has this inverse relationship with the US dollar which is used as a reserve asset by many central banks thus protecting the central banks reserves when there is a dip in the US dollar or the money ...
The economy of South Africa is a mixed economy, emerging market, and upper-middle-income economy, one of only eight such countries in Africa. [ 26][ 27][ 28] The economy is the most industrialised, technologically advanced, and diversified in Africa. [ 29] Following 1996, at the end of over twelve years of international sanctions, South Africa ...
Currency appreciation and depreciation. Currency depreciation is the loss of value of a country's currency with respect to one or more foreign reference currencies, typically in a floating exchange rate system in which no official currency value is maintained. Currency appreciation in the same context is an increase in the value of the currency.
A gold reserve is the gold held by a national central bank, intended mainly as a guarantee to redeem promises to pay depositors, note holders (e.g. paper money ), or trading peers, during the eras of the gold standard, and also as a store of value, or to support the value of the national currency . The World Gold Council estimates that all the ...
The RAND Corporation is an American nonprofit global policy think tank, [ 1] research institute, and public sector consulting firm. RAND Corporation engages in research and development (R&D) in a number of fields and industries. Since the 1950s, RAND research has helped inform United States policy decisions on a wide variety of issues ...
In the past 20 years Romania has also grown into a major center for mobile technology, information security, and related hardware research. The country is a regional leader in fields such as IT and motor vehicle production. [49] [50] [51] Bucharest, the capital city, is one of the leading financial and industrial centres in Eastern Europe.