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These approaches combine a pseudo-random number generator (often in the form of a block or stream cipher) with an external source of randomness (e.g., mouse movements, delay between keyboard presses etc.). /dev/random – Unix-like systems; CryptGenRandom – Microsoft Windows; Fortuna
Random.org (stylized as RANDOM.ORG) is a website that produces random numbers based on atmospheric noise. [1] In addition to generating random numbers in a specified range and subject to a specified probability distribution, which is the most commonly done activity on the site, it has free tools to simulate events such as flipping coins, shuffling cards, and rolling dice.
Lavarand, also known as the Wall of Entropy, was a hardware random number generator designed by Silicon Graphics that worked by taking pictures of the patterns made by the floating material in lava lamps, extracting random data from the pictures, and using the result to seed a pseudorandom number generator. [ 1]
Sagan gave an example that if the entire volume of the observable universe is filled with fine dust particles roughly 1.5 micrometers in size (0.0015 millimeters), then the number of different combinations in which the particles could be arranged and numbered would be about one googolplex.
Widespread sounding of the word occurs through the name of the company Google, with the name "Google" being an accidental misspelling of "googol" by the company's founders, [12] which was picked to signify that the search engine was intended to provide large quantities of information. [13]
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1 Control-C has typically been used as a "break" or "interrupt" key. 2 Control-D has been used to signal "end of file" for text typed in at the terminal on Unix / Linux systems. Windows, DOS, and older minicomputers used Control-Z for this purpose. 3 Control-G is an artifact of the days when teletypes were in use.
Wichmann–Hill is a pseudorandom number generator proposed in 1982 by Brian Wichmann and David Hill. [1] It consists of three linear congruential generators with different prime moduli, each of which is used to produce a uniformly distributed number between 0 and 1. These are summed, modulo 1, to produce the result. [2]