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Muslim rule in India saw a major shift in the cultural, linguistic, and religious makeup of the subcontinent. [8] Persian and Arabic vocabulary began to enter local languages, giving way to modern Punjabi, Bengali, and Gujarati, while creating new languages including Hindustani and its dialect, Deccani , used as official languages under Muslim ...
Muslim scholars made advances to the map-making traditions of earlier cultures, [1] explorers and merchants learned in their travels across the Old World (Afro-Eurasia). [1] Islamic geography had three major fields: exploration and navigation, physical geography, and cartography and mathematical geography. [1]
Awadh was known as the granary of India and was important strategically for the control of the Doab, the fertile plain between the Ganges and the Yamuna rivers. It was a wealthy kingdom, able to maintain its independence against threats from the Marathas, the British and the Afghans .
The Delhi Sultanate or the Sultanate of Delhi[ a] was a late medieval empire primarily based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent, for 320 years (1206–1526). [ 13][ 14][ 15] Following the invasion of South Asia by the Ghurid dynasty, five dynasties ruled over the Delhi Sultanate sequentially: the Mamluk dynasty ...
Northwestern South Asia. A handshake between soldiers at the India–Pakistan border. Northwestern South Asia is a geographical area in South Asia. It includes the modern-day Afghanistan, north-western India, and Pakistan. [1] Northwestern South Asia is the site of many of the first civilisations of the world, such as the Indus Valley Civilisation.
Arabs besieging the city of Samarkand, captured in 722 AD. Palace of Devastich (706–722 AD), Penjikent mural. The Muslim conquest of Transoxiana, also called the Arab conquest of Transoxiana, was part of the early Muslim conquests. It began shortly after the Muslim conquest of Persia enabled the Arabs to enter Central Asia.
The first incursion by Arabs in India occurred around 636/7 AD, during the Rashidun Caliphate, long before any Arab Army reached the frontier of India by land. [11] Uthman ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi, the governor of Bahrain and Oman, had dispatched the naval expeditions against the ports and positions of the Sasanian Empire, and further east to the borders of India. [12]
Islam is India's second-largest religion, [7] with 14.2% of the country's population, or approximately 172.2 million people, identifying as adherents of Islam in a 2011 census. [8] India also has the third-largest number of Muslims in the world. [9] [10] The majority of India's Muslims are Sunni, with Shia making up around 15% of the Muslim ...