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The Rashidun Caliphate ( Arabic: ٱلْخِلَافَةُ ٱلرَّاشِدَةُ, romanized : al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah) was the first caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was ruled by the first four successive caliphs of Muhammad after his demise in 632 CE. During its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic ...
The early Muslim conquests or early Islamic conquests ( Arabic: الْفُتُوحَاتُ الإسْلَامِيَّة, romanized : al-Futūḥāt al-ʾIslāmiyya ), [ 3] also known as the Arab conquests, [ 4] were initiated in the 7th century by Muhammad, the founder of Islam. He established a new unified polity in Arabia based in Medina that ...
The geographers of this school, such as Istakhri, al-Muqaddasi and Ibn Hawqal, wrote extensively of the peoples, products, and customs of areas in the Muslim world, with little interest in the non-Muslim realms, [3] and produced world atlases, each one featuring a world map and twenty regional maps. [4]: 194
The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, under Trajan, 117 AD. In 66–63 BC, the Roman general Pompey conquered much of the Middle East. [21] The Roman Empire united the region with most of Europe and North Africa in a single political and economic unit. Even areas not directly annexed were strongly influenced by the Empire, which was the most ...
Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe. A Christian and a Muslim playing chess, illustration from the Book of Games of Alfonso X (c. 1285). [ 1] During the High Middle Ages, the Islamic world was at its cultural peak, supplying information and ideas to Europe, via Al-Andalus, Sicily and the Crusader kingdoms in the Levant.
The Roman Empire gained what became the province of Arabia Petraea (modern southern Jordan and northwest Saudi Arabia ). [ 11] The Hedjaz region was integrated into the Roman province of Arabia in 106 CE. A monumental Roman epigraph of 175-177 was recently discovered at Al-Hijr (then called Hegra). The region then formed part of Roman history ...
The Arab conquest of Egypt, led by the army of 'Amr ibn al-'As, [ 1] took place between 639 and 642 AD and was overseen by the Rashidun Caliphate. It ended the seven-century-long Roman period in Egypt that had begun in 30 BC, and widely speaking Greco-Roman period that had lasted about a millennium. Shortly before the conquest, Byzantine ...
After that Muslim dynasties rose; some of these dynasties established notable and prominent Muslim empires, such as the Umayyad Empire and later the Abbasid Empire, [1] [2] Ottoman Empire centered around Anatolia, the Safavid Empire of Persia, and the Mughal Empire in India. [citation needed]