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Islam, which had previously been confined to Arabia, became a major world religion, while the synthesis of Arab, Byzantine, and Sasanian elements led to distinctive new styles of art and architecture emerging in the Middle East. [117] English historian Edward Gibbon writes in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire:
The Islamic world also influenced other aspects of medieval European culture, partly by original innovations made during the Islamic Golden Age, including various fields such as the arts, agriculture, alchemy, music, pottery, etc. Many Arabic loanwords in Western European languages, including English, mostly via Old French, date from this ...
The Roman Empire gained what became the province of Arabia Petraea (modern southern Jordan and northwest Saudi Arabia ). [ 11] The Hedjaz region was integrated into the Roman province of Arabia in 106 CE. A monumental Roman epigraph of 175-177 was recently discovered at Al-Hijr (then called Hegra). The region then formed part of Roman history ...
The Rashidun Caliphate ( Arabic: ٱلْخِلَافَةُ ٱلرَّاشِدَةُ, romanized : al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah) was the first caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was ruled by the first four successive caliphs of Muhammad after his demise in 632 CE. During its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic ...
The geographers of this school, such as Istakhri, al-Muqaddasi and Ibn Hawqal, wrote extensively of the peoples, products, and customs of areas in the Muslim world, with little interest in the non-Muslim realms, [3] and produced world atlases, each one featuring a world map and twenty regional maps. [4]: 194
After that Muslim dynasties rose; some of these dynasties established notable and prominent Muslim empires, such as the Umayyad Empire and later the Abbasid Empire, [1] [2] Ottoman Empire centered around Anatolia, the Safavid Empire of Persia, and the Mughal Empire in India. [citation needed]
The Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula ( Arabic: فَتْحُ الأَنْدَلُس, romanized : fataḥ al-andalus ), also known as the Arab conquest of Spain, [ 1] by the Umayyad Caliphate occurred between approximately 711 and the 714. The conquest resulted in the destruction of the Christian Visigothic Kingdom of Spain and led to the ...
Kisan Gate, one of the six ancient gates of Damascus. The siege of Damascus (634) lasted from 21 August to 19 September 634 [ 2] [a] before the city fell to the Rashidun Caliphate. Damascus was the first major city of the Eastern Roman Empire to fall in the Muslim conquest of Syria . The last of the Roman–Persian Wars ended in 628, after ...