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Adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock gives 1 o'clock, since 13 is congruent to 1 modulo 12. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book Disquisitiones ...
Modular exponentiation is the remainder when an integer b (the base) is raised to the power e (the exponent), and divided by a positive integer m (the modulus); that is, c = be mod m. From the definition of division, it follows that 0 ≤ c < m. For example, given b = 5, e = 3 and m = 13, dividing 53 = 125 by 13 leaves a remainder of c = 8.
That 641 is a factor of F 5 can be deduced from the equalities 641 = 2 7 × 5 + 1 and 641 = 2 4 + 5 4. It follows from the first equality that 2 7 × 5 ≡ −1 (mod 641) and therefore (raising to the fourth power) that 2 28 × 5 4 ≡ 1 (mod 641). On the other hand, the second equality implies that 5 4 ≡ −2 4 (mod 641
The multiplicative order of a number a modulo n is the order of a in the multiplicative group whose elements are the residues modulo n of the numbers coprime to n, and whose group operation is multiplication modulo n. This is the group of units of the ring Zn; it has φ (n) elements, φ being Euler's totient function, and is denoted as U (n) or ...
Montgomery modular multiplication relies on a special representation of numbers called Montgomery form. The algorithm uses the Montgomery forms of a and b to efficiently compute the Montgomery form of ab mod N. The efficiency comes from avoiding expensive division operations. Classical modular multiplication reduces the double-width product ab ...
Fall colors are the shades that accompany the autumnal season, inspired by how the leaves change from green to an array of warm hues: Red. Orange. Yellow. Brown. The beauty of fall lies in the ...
Quadratic Reciprocity (Legendre's statement). If p or q are congruent to 1 modulo 4, then: is solvable if and only if is solvable. If p and q are congruent to 3 modulo 4, then: is solvable if and only if is not solvable. The last is immediately equivalent to the modern form stated in the introduction above.
Blum integer. In mathematics, a natural number n is a Blum integer if n = p × q is a semiprime for which p and q are distinct prime numbers congruent to 3 mod 4. [1] That is, p and q must be of the form 4t + 3, for some integer t. Integers of this form are referred to as Blum primes. [2] This means that the factors of a Blum integer are ...