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  2. Classified information in the United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classified_information_in...

    Top Secret is the highest level of classification. However some information is further categorized/marked by adding a code word so that only those who have been cleared for each code word can see it. A document marked SECRET (CODE WORD) could be viewed only by a person with a secret or top secret clearance and that specific code word clearance.

  3. Kerckhoffs's principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerckhoffs's_principle

    Kerckhoffs viewed cryptography as a rival to, and a better alternative than, steganographic encoding, which was common in the nineteenth century for hiding the meaning of military messages. One problem with encoding schemes is that they rely on humanly-held secrets such as "dictionaries" which disclose for example, the secret meaning of words.

  4. List of U.S. security clearance terms - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._security...

    Investigations. The following investigations are used in clearance determinations: [ 12] ANACI (Access National Agency Check with Inquiries) – Initial Confidential, Secret, L, LX; only used for civilian employees. NACLC (National Agency Check with Law and Credit) – Initial Confidential, Secret, L, LX; reinvestigations.

  5. Cryptography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography

    Cryptography. Cryptography, or cryptology (from Ancient Greek: κρυπτός, romanized : kryptós "hidden, secret"; and γράφειν graphein, "to write", or -λογία -logia, "study", respectively [ 1] ), is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of adversarial behavior. [ 2]

  6. FIPS 140 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIPS_140

    The 140 series of Federal Information Processing Standards ( FIPS) are U.S. government computer security standards that specify requirements for cryptographic modules . As of October 2020, FIPS 140-2 and FIPS 140-3 are both accepted as current and active. [ 1] FIPS 140-3 was approved on March 22, 2019 as the successor to FIPS 140-2 and became ...

  7. Code (cryptography) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_(cryptography)

    Code (cryptography) A portion of the "Zimmermann Telegram" as decrypted by British Naval Intelligence codebreakers. The word Arizona was not in the German codebook and had therefore to be split into phonetic syllables. Partially burnt pages from a World War II Soviet KGB two-part codebook. In cryptology, a code is a method used to encrypt a ...

  8. NSA encryption systems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSA_encryption_systems

    NSA encryption systems. The National Security Agency took over responsibility for all U.S. Government encryption systems when it was formed in 1952. The technical details of most NSA-approved systems are still classified, but much more about its early systems have become known and its most modern systems share at least some features with ...

  9. Encryption - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryption

    Encryption. In cryptography, encryption is the process of transforming (more specifically, encoding) information in a way that, ideally, only authorized parties can decode. This process converts the original representation of the information, known as plaintext, into an alternative form known as ciphertext. Despite its goal, encryption does not ...