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Google Scholar is a freely accessible web search engine that indexes the full text or metadata of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines. . Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes peer-reviewed online academic journals and books, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and other ...
The main academic full-text databases are open archives or link-resolution services, although others operate under different models such as mirroring or hybrid publishers. Such services typically provide access to full text and full-text search, but also metadata about items for which no full text is available.
Google Books (previously known as Google Book Search, Google Print, and by its code-name Project Ocean) [ 1] is a service from Google that searches the full text of books and magazines that Google has scanned, converted to text using optical character recognition (OCR), and stored in its digital database. [ 2]
Scopus is a scientific abstract and citation database, launched by the academic publisher Elsevier as a competitor to older Web of Science in 2004. [1] An ensuing competition between the two databases has been characterized as "intense" and is considered to significantly benefit their users in terms of continuous improvent in coverage, search/analysis capabilities, but not in price.
The search engine indexed over 260 million publications, [5] 88 million of which are journal articles. [ 5 ] Preliminary reviews by bibliometricians suggested the new Microsoft Academic Search was a competitor to Google Scholar , Web of Science , and Scopus for academic research purposes [ 6 ] [ 7 ] as well as citation analysis.
Semantic Scholar is free to use and unlike similar search engines (i.e. Google Scholar) does not search for material that is behind a paywall. [ 5 ] [ citation needed ] One study compared the index scope of Semantic Scholar to Google Scholar, and found that for the papers cited by secondary studies in computer science, the two indices had ...
ResearchGate is a European commercial social networking site for scientists and researchers [ 2] to share papers, ask and answer questions, and find collaborators. [ 3] According to a 2014 study by Nature and a 2016 article in Times Higher Education, it is the largest academic social network in terms of active users, [ 4][ 5] although other ...
The Internet Archive Scholar is a scholarly search engine created by the Internet Archive in 2020. It contained, as of February 2024, over 35 million research articles with full text access. The materials available come from three different forms: content identified by the Wayback Machine, by digitized print material and sources such as uploads ...