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  2. 32-bit computing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32-bit_computing

    A 32-bit register can store 2 32 different values. The range of integer values that can be stored in 32 bits depends on the integer representation used. With the two most common representations, the range is 0 through 4,294,967,295 (2 32 − 1) for representation as an binary number, and −2,147,483,648 (−2 31) through 2,147,483,647 (2 31 − 1) for representation as two's complement.

  3. 3 GB barrier - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_GB_barrier

    In computing, the term 3 GB barrier refers to a limitation of some 32-bit operating systems running on x86 microprocessors. It prevents the operating systems from using all of 4 GiB ( 4 × 10243 bytes) of main memory. [ 1] The exact barrier varies by motherboard and I/O device configuration, particularly the size of video RAM; it may be in the ...

  4. 2 GB limit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_GB_limit

    The 2 GB limit refers to a physical memory barrier for a process running on a 32-bit operating system, which can only use a maximum of 2 GB of memory. [1] The problem mainly affects 32-bit versions of operating systems like Microsoft Windows and Linux, although some variants of the latter can overcome this barrier. [2]

  5. Address space layout randomization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_space_layout...

    Address space layout randomization (ASLR) is a computer security technique involved in preventing exploitation of memory corruption vulnerabilities. [1] In order to prevent an attacker from reliably redirecting code execution to, for example, a particular exploited function in memory, ASLR randomly arranges the address space positions of key data areas of a process, including the base of the ...

  6. Protected mode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_mode

    If G-bit is one limit has a granularity of 2 12 bytes, i.e. segment size may be 1 × 2 12, 2 × 2 12, ..., 2 20 × 2 12 bytes. If paging is off, the calculated linear address equals the physical memory address. If paging is on, the calculated linear address is used as input of paging. The 386 processor also uses 32 bit values for the address ...

  7. Integer overflow - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_overflow

    The register width of a processor determines the range of values that can be represented in its registers. Though the vast majority of computers can perform multiple-precision arithmetic on operands in memory, allowing numbers to be arbitrarily long and overflow to be avoided, the register width limits the sizes of numbers that can be operated on (e.g., added or subtracted) using a single ...

  8. RAM limit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAM_limit

    RAM limit. The maximum random access memory (RAM) installed in any computer system is limited by hardware, software and economic factors. The hardware may have a limited number of address bus bits, limited by the processor package or design of the system. Some of the address space may be shared between RAM, peripherals, and read-only memory.

  9. x86 memory segmentation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86_memory_segmentation

    Also, importantly, address offsets are 32-bit (instead of 16-bit), and the segment base in each segment descriptor is also 32-bit (instead of 24-bit). The general operation of the segmentation unit is otherwise unchanged. The paging unit may be enabled or disabled; if disabled, operation is the same as on the 80286.