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The history of longitude describes the centuries-long effort by astronomers, cartographers and navigators to discover a means of determining the longitude of any given place on Earth. The measurement of longitude is important to both cartography and navigation. In particular, for safe ocean navigation, knowledge of both latitude and longitude ...
A geographic information system ( GIS) consists of integrated computer hardware and software that store, manage, analyze, edit, output, and visualize geographic data. [1] [2] Much of this often happens within a spatial database, however, this is not essential to meet the definition of a GIS. [1] In a broader sense, one may consider such a ...
Latitude and Longitude; List of cartographers – famous map makers through history; List of international common standards; Magnetic deviation – explanation of the slight misalignment of a compass with the Earth's north and south poles; Orienteering – an international hobby/sport that depends on knowledge of cardinal directions and how to ...
Longitude lines are perpendicular to and latitude lines are parallel to the Equator. A geographic coordinate system ( GCS) is a spherical or geodetic coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on Earth as latitude and longitude. [1] It is the simplest, oldest and most widely used of the various spatial reference ...
Survey markers, also called survey marks, survey monuments, or geodetic marks, are objects placed to mark key survey points on the Earth's surface. They are used in geodetic and land surveying. A benchmark is a type of survey marker that indicates elevation ( vertical position ). Horizontal position markers used for triangulation are also known ...
History of latitude. The Greeks studied the results of the measurements of latitude by the explorer Pytheas who voyaged to Britain and beyond, as far as the Arctic Circle (observing the midnight sun ), in 325 BC. They used several methods to measure latitude, including the height of the Sun above the horizon at midday, measured using a gnōmōn ...
45.625°N 10.75°E. / 45.625; 10.75. image. Alps location map.png. Map of the Alps. Module:Location map/data/Alps is a location map definition used to overlay markers and labels on an equirectangular projection map of the Alps. The markers are placed by latitude and longitude coordinates on the default map or a similar map image.
The following graph illustrates the variation of both a degree of latitude and a degree of longitude with latitude. The definition of geodetic latitude (ϕ) and geocentric latitude (θ). Auxiliary latitudes. There are six auxiliary latitudes that have applications to special problems in geodesy, geophysics and the theory of map projections: