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Steelmaking. Steelmaking is the process of producing steel from iron ore and/or scrap. In steelmaking, impurities such as nitrogen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and excess carbon (the most important impurity) are removed from the sourced iron, and alloying elements such as manganese, nickel, chromium, carbon, and vanadium are added to produce ...
It is named after the blue-black appearance of the resulting protective finish. Bluing involves an electrochemical conversion coatingresulting from an oxidizing chemical reaction with iron on the surface selectively forming magnetite(Fe. 3O. 4), the black oxide of iron. In comparison, rust, the red oxide of iron(Fe. 2O.
Ferrous metallurgy is the metallurgy of iron and its alloys. The earliest surviving prehistoric iron artifacts, from the 4th millennium BC in Egypt, [1] were made from meteoritic iron-nickel. [2] It is not known when or where the smelting of iron from ores began, but by the end of the 2nd millennium BC iron was being produced from iron ores in ...
European discovery and colonization of the Americas. Between 1492 and 1504, the Italian navigator and explorer Christopher Columbus [ a] led four transatlantic maritime expeditions in the name of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain to the Caribbean and to Central and South America. These voyages led to the widespread knowledge of the New World.
It is still possible to achieve the $1 million goal even if you wait until your 30s to get started. Starting at age 30, you'll need to save $467 per month, assuming the same 8% average annual ...
An ironworking industry likely evolved during the late Yayoi or the Kofun period, when iron weapons and armor became more common. However, the best archaeological evidence for early iron-working techniques in Japan dates to the Asuka period, after Buddhism had been introduced to the imperial court of the Yamato state.
MONTIGNY-LE-BRETONNEUX, France (AP) — Forty years after winning gold in Los Angeles, Connie Carpenter-Phinney watched in nervous anticipation — praying, pleading, holding her breath in hope ...
But travel can be expensive. Kiplinger estimated that retirees spend anywhere from $10,000 to $50,000 on their yearly travel expenses. Even those who end up spending much less should still avoid ...