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Steelmaking is the process of producing steel from iron ore and/or scrap. In steelmaking, impurities such as nitrogen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and excess carbon (the most important impurity) are removed from the sourced iron, and alloying elements such as manganese, nickel, chromium, carbon, and vanadium are added to produce different ...
Ferrous metallurgy is the metallurgy of iron and its alloys. The earliest surviving prehistoric iron artifacts, from the 4th millennium BC in Egypt, [1] were made from meteoritic iron-nickel. [2] It is not known when or where the smelting of iron from ores began, but by the end of the 2nd millennium BC iron was being produced from iron ores in ...
A Walloon forge (or Walloon process) is a type of finery forge that decarbonizes pig iron into wrought iron . The process was conceived in the Liège region, and from there extended to France, [1] then England around the end of the 15th century. [2] [3] Louis de Geer brought it to Roslagen in Sweden at the beginning of the 17th century, with ...
Iron metallurgy may have been independently developed in the Nok culture between the 9th century BCE and 550 BCE. [ 5][ 6] The nearby Djenné-Djenno culture of the Niger Valley in Mali shows evidence of iron production from c. 250 BCE. The Bantu expansion spread the technology to Eastern and Southern Africa between 500 BCE and 400 CE, as shown ...
The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages, after the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age. [ 1] It has also been considered as the final Age of the three-age division starting with prehistory (before recorded history) and progressing to protohistory (before written history). In this usage, it is preceded by the Stone Age ...
Sales for the app family rose about $7 billion year over year. Meta stock has rallied 7.5% since the company's Aug. 1 earnings report, according to Yahoo Finance data. Shares are still off by 4% ...
European discovery and colonization of the Americas. Between 1492 and 1504, the Italian navigator and explorer Christopher Columbus [ a] led four transatlantic maritime expeditions in the name of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain to the Caribbean and to Central and South America. These voyages led to the widespread knowledge of the New World.
Over the last 25 years, the Skytrax Awards have built a reputation as the Oscars of the airline world—and picking this year’s winner came down to the wire.. In the end, Qatar Airways took top ...