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Longitude lines are perpendicular to and latitude lines are parallel to the Equator. A geographic coordinate system ( GCS) is a spherical or geodetic coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on Earth as latitude and longitude. [1] It is the simplest, oldest and most widely used of the various spatial reference ...
A diagram of a typical nautical sextant, a tool used in celestial navigation to measure the angle between two objects viewed by means of its optical sight. Celestial navigation, also known as astronavigation, is the practice of position fixing using stars and other celestial bodies that enables a navigator to accurately determine their actual current physical position in space or on the ...
Chart of lunar maria with lines of longitude and latitude. The prime meridian is the centre of the near side of the Moon. A planetary coordinate system (also referred to as planetographic, planetodetic, or planetocentric) is a generalization of the geographic, geodetic, and the geocentric coordinate systems for planets other than Earth.
A navigation system on an oil tanker. Navigation [1] is a field of study that focuses on the process of monitoring and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another. [2] The field of navigation includes four general categories: land navigation, [3] marine navigation, aeronautic navigation, and space navigation.
Latitude and Longitude; List of cartographers – famous map makers through history; List of international common standards; Magnetic deviation – explanation of the slight misalignment of a compass with the Earth's north and south poles; Orienteering – an international hobby/sport that depends on knowledge of cardinal directions and how to ...
The National Spatial Reference System ( NSRS ), managed by the National Geodetic Survey (NGS), is a coordinate system that includes latitude, longitude, elevation, and other values. The NSRS consists of a National Shoreline, the NOAA CORS Network [1] (a system of Global Positioning System Continuously Operating Reference Stations), a network of ...
The World Geographic Reference System ( GEOREF) is a geocode, a grid-based method of specifying locations on the surface of the Earth. GEOREF is essentially based on the geographic system of latitude and longitude, but using a simpler and more flexible notation. GEOREF was used primarily in aeronautical charts for air navigation, [1 ...
Latitude and longitude coordinates on maps are usually expressed in degrees. In the given forms of the formulae below, one or more values must be expressed in the specified units to obtain the correct result. Where geographic coordinates are used as the argument of a trigonometric function, the values may be expressed in any angular units ...