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Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ṭūsiyy al-Ghazali (Arabic: أَبُو حَامِد مُحَمَّد بْن مُحَمَّد ٱلطُّوسِيّ ٱلْغَزَّالِيّ), known commonly as Al-Ghazali (Arabic: ٱلْغَزَالِيُّ; UK: / æ l ˈ ɡ ɑː z ɑː l i /, [24] US: / ˌ æ l ɡ ə ˈ z ɑː l i,-z æ l-/; [25] [26] c. 1058 – 19 December 1111), known in ...
Al-Biruni. Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni / ælbɪˈruːni / ( Persian: ابوریحان بیرونی; Arabic: أبو الريحان البيروني; 973 – after 1050), [ 5] known as al-Biruni, was a Khwarazmian Iranian scholar and polymath during the Islamic Golden Age. He has been called variously "Father of Comparative Religion ...
A caliph is the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate. [1] [2] Caliphs led the Muslim Ummah as political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad Sallallahu 'Alaihi Wa Salam, [3] and widely-recognised caliphates have existed in various forms for most of Islamic history. [4]
This article includes a list of successive Islamic states and Muslim dynasties beginning with the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (570–632 CE) and the early Muslim conquests that spread Islam outside of the Arabian Peninsula, and continuing through to the present day. [citation needed]
Urdu Daira Maarif Islamiya or Urdu Encyclopaedia of Islam ( Urdu: اردو دائرہ معارف اسلامیہ) is the largest Islamic encyclopedia published in Urdu by University of the Punjab. Originally it is a translated, expanded and revised version of Encyclopedia of Islam. Its composition began in the 1950s at University of the Punjab.
Diagram showing the various branches of Islam: Sunnīsm, Shīʿīsm, Ibadism, Quranism, Non-denominational Muslims, Mahdavia, Ahmadiyya, Nation of Islam, and Sufism. The original schism between Kharijites, Sunnīs, and Shīʿas among Muslims was disputed over the political and religious succession to the guidance of the Muslim community ( Ummah ...
The term numbers or numerals or digits often implies only these symbols, however this can only be inferred from context. Europeans first learned of Arabic numerals c. the 10th century , though their spread was a gradual process.
Different sources give different lists of the 99 names. The following list is based on the one found in the Jamiʿ at-Tirmidhi (9th century), which is the most commonly known. [citation needed] Other hadiths, such as those of al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Ibn Majah, al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi or Ibn ʿAsākir, have variant lists.