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The east north up (ENU) local tangent plane is similar to NED, except for swapping 'down' for 'up' and x for y. Local tangent plane coordinates (LTP), also known as local ellipsoidal system, [1] [2] local geodetic coordinate system, [3] or local vertical, local horizontal coordinates (LVLH), are a spatial reference system based on the tangent plane defined by the local vertical direction and ...
By contrast, in case of air and sea vehicles like submarines, ships, airplanes etc., which use the NED-system (North-East-Down) as external reference (World frame), the vehicle's (body's) positive y- or pitch axis always points to its right, and its positive z- or yaw axis always points down. World frame's origin is fixed at the center of ...
Geographic coordinate conversion has applications in cartography, surveying, navigation and geographic information systems . In geodesy, geographic coordinate conversion is defined as translation among different coordinate formats or map projections all referenced to the same geodetic datum. [ 1] A geographic coordinate transformation is a ...
An azimuth ( / ˈæzəməθ / ⓘ; from Arabic: اَلسُّمُوت, romanized : as-sumūt, lit. 'the directions') [1] is the horizontal angle from a cardinal direction, most commonly north, in a local or observer-centric spherical coordinate system. Mathematically, the relative position vector from an observer ( origin) to a point of interest ...
Cardinal directions or cardinal points may sometimes be extended to include vertical position ( elevation, altitude, depth ): north and south, east and west, up and down; or mathematically the six directions of the x-, y-, and z-axes in three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates. Topographic maps include elevation, typically via contour lines .
Geodetic coordinates. Geodetic coordinates are a type of curvilinear orthogonal coordinate system used in geodesy based on a reference ellipsoid . They include geodetic latitude (north/south) ϕ, longitude (east/west) λ, and ellipsoidal height h (also known as geodetic height [1] ). The triad is also known as Earth ellipsoidal coordinates [2 ...
t. e. A geographic coordinate system ( GCS) is a spherical or geodetic coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on Earth as latitude and longitude. [1] It is the simplest, oldest and most widely used of the various spatial reference systems that are in use, and forms the basis for most others.
The axes are typically selected as North-East-Down or East-North-Up, and thus this system can be viewed as a linearization of the meridians and parallels. For small areas a local coordinate system can be convenient for relative positioning, but with increasing (horizontal) distances, errors will increase and repositioning of the tangent point ...