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In cartography, a map projection is any of a broad set of transformations employed to represent the curved two-dimensional surface of a globe on a plane. [ 1][ 2][ 3] In a map projection, coordinates, often expressed as latitude and longitude, of locations from the surface of the globe are transformed to coordinates on a plane. [ 4][ 5 ...
Mercator 1569 world map ( Nova et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio ad Usum Navigantium Emendate Accommodata) showing latitudes 66°S to 80°N. The Mercator projection ( / mərˈkeɪtər /) is a conformal cylindrical map projection presented by Flemish geographer and cartographer Gerardus Mercator in 1569. It became the standard map projection for ...
v. t. e. The Universal Transverse Mercator ( UTM) is a map projection system for assigning coordinates to locations on the surface of the Earth. Like the traditional method of latitude and longitude, it is a horizontal position representation, which means it ignores altitude and treats the earth surface as a perfect ellipsoid.
and λ is the longitude, λ 0 is the central meridian, φ is the latitude, and R is the radius of the globe to be projected. The map has area 4 π R 2, conforming to the surface area of the generating globe. The x-coordinate has a range of [−2R √ 2, 2R √ 2], and the y-coordinate has a range of [−R √ 2, R √ 2].
v. t. e. A geographic coordinate system ( GCS) is a spherical or geodetic coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on Earth as latitude and longitude. [ 1] It is the simplest, oldest and most widely used of the various spatial reference systems that are in use, and forms the basis for most others.
Robinson projection of the world The Robinson projection with Tissot's indicatrix of deformation Map of the world created by the Central Intelligence Agency, with standard parallels 38°N and 38°S. The Robinson projection is a map projection of a world map that shows the entire world at once. It was specifically created in an attempt to find a ...
Rhumb line. Image of a loxodrome, or rhumb line, spiraling towards the North Pole. In navigation, a rhumb line, rhumb ( / rʌm / ), or loxodrome is an arc crossing all meridians of longitude at the same angle, that is, a path with constant bearing as measured relative to true north .
Mercator's 1569 map was a large planisphere, [ 3] i.e. a projection of the spherical Earth onto the plane. It was printed in eighteen separate sheets from copper plates engraved by Mercator himself. [ 4] Each sheet measures 33×40 cm and, with a border of 2 cm, the complete map measures 202×124 cm. All sheets span a longitude of 60 degrees ...