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Google Books (previously known as Google Book Search, Google Print, and by its code-name Project Ocean) [1] is a service from Google that searches the full text of books and magazines that Google has scanned, converted to text using optical character recognition (OCR), and stored in its digital database. [2]
Google Scholar is a freely accessible web search engine that indexes the full text or metadata of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines. . Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes peer-reviewed online academic journals and books, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and other ...
The RIS file format —two letters, two spaces and a hyphen—is a tagged format for expressing bibliographic citations. According to the specifications, [3] [4] [5] the lines must end with the ASCII carriage return and line feed characters. Note that this is the convention on Microsoft Windows, while in other contemporary operating systems ...
Academic publishing is the subfield of publishing which distributes academic research and scholarship. Most academic work is published in academic journal articles, books or theses. The part of academic written output that is not formally published but merely printed up or posted on the Internet is often called "grey literature".
Project Gutenberg ( PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, as well as to "encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks ." [2] It was founded in 1971 by American writer Michael S. Hart and is the oldest digital library. [3] Most of the items in its collection are the full texts of books or individual stories in ...
The Google Books Ngram Viewer is an online search engine that charts the frequencies of any set of search strings using a yearly count of n-grams found in printed sources published between 1500 and 2019 in Google's text corpora in English, Chinese (simplified), French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Russian, or Spanish.
The main academic full-text databases are open archives or link-resolution services, although others operate under different models such as mirroring or hybrid publishers. Such services typically provide access to full text and full-text search, but also metadata about items for which no full text is available.
Page numbering. Page numbering is the process of applying a sequence of numbers (or letters, or Roman numerals) to the pages of a book or other document. The number itself, which may appear in various places on the page, can be referred to as a page number or as a folio. [1] Like other numbering schemes such as chapter numbering, page numbers ...