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A variable is considered dependent if it depends on an independent variable. Dependent variables are studied under the supposition or demand that they depend, by some law or rule (e.g., by a mathematical function ), on the values of other variables. Independent variables, in turn, are not seen as depending on any other variable in the scope of ...
The independent variable of a study often has many levels or different groups. In a true experiment, researchers can have an experimental group, which is where their intervention testing the hypothesis is implemented, and a control group, which has all the same element as the experimental group, without the interventional element.
In some disciplines (e.g., psychology or political science), a 'true experiment' is a method of social research in which there are two kinds of variables. The independent variable is manipulated by the experimenter, and the dependent variable is measured.
A scientific control is an experiment or observation designed to minimize the effects of variables other than the independent variable (i.e. confounding variables ). [ 1] This increases the reliability of the results, often through a comparison between control measurements and the other measurements. Scientific controls are a part of the ...
Any additional independent variable can be a control variable. [ 1] A control variable is an experimental condition or element that is kept the same throughout the experiment, and it is not of primary concern in the experiment, nor will it influence the outcome of the experiment. [ 2] Any unexpected (e.g.: uncontrolled) change in a control ...
External validity is the validity of applying the conclusions of a scientific study outside the context of that study. [ 1] In other words, it is the extent to which the results of a study can generalize or transport to other situations, people, stimuli, and times. [ 2][ 3] Generalizability refers to the applicability of a predefined sample to ...
The independent variable may be beyond the control of the investigator for a variety of reasons: A randomized experiment would violate ethical standards. Suppose one wanted to investigate the abortion – breast cancer hypothesis, which postulates a causal link between induced abortion and the incidence of breast cancer.
Internal validity. Internal validity is the extent to which a piece of evidence supports a claim about cause and effect, within the context of a particular study. It is one of the most important properties of scientific studies and is an important concept in reasoning about evidence more generally. Internal validity is determined by how well a ...