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The sector contour used to calculate the limits of the Fresnel integrals. This can be derived with any one of several methods. One of them [5] uses a contour integral of the function around the boundary of the sector-shaped region in the complex plane formed by the positive x-axis, the bisector of the first quadrant y = x with x ≥ 0, and a circular arc of radius R centered at the origin.
The Householder matrix has the following properties: it is Hermitian: =,; it is unitary: =,; hence it is involutory: =.; A Householder matrix has eigenvalues .To see this, notice that if is orthogonal to the vector which was used to create the reflector, then =, i.e., is an eigenvalue of multiplicity , since there are independent vectors orthogonal to .
In mathematics and computing, the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm ( LMA or just LM ), also known as the damped least-squares ( DLS) method, is used to solve non-linear least squares problems. These minimization problems arise especially in least squares curve fitting. The LMA interpolates between the Gauss–Newton algorithm (GNA) and the ...
Octave programs consist of a list of function calls or a script. The syntax is matrix-based and provides various functions for matrix operations. It supports various data structures and allows object-oriented programming. [25] Its syntax is very similar to MATLAB, and careful programming of a script will allow it to run on both Octave and ...
Fold (higher-order function) In functional programming, fold (also termed reduce, accumulate, aggregate, compress, or inject) refers to a family of higher-order functions that analyze a recursive data structure and through use of a given combining operation, recombine the results of recursively processing its constituent parts, building up a ...
In Matlab/GNU Octave a matrix A can be vectorized by A(:). GNU Octave also allows vectorization and half-vectorization with vec(A) and vech(A) respectively. Julia has the vec(A) function as well. In Python NumPy arrays implement the flatten method, [note 1] while in R the desired effect can be achieved via the c() or as.vector() functions.
Intrinsic function. In computer software, in compiler theory, an intrinsic function, also called built-in function or builtin function, is a function ( subroutine) available for use in a given programming language whose implementation is handled specially by the compiler. Typically, it may substitute a sequence of automatically generated ...
An array is stored such that the position of each element can be computed from its index tuple by a mathematical formula. [ 1][ 2][ 3] The simplest type of data structure is a linear array, also called one-dimensional array. For example, an array of ten 32-bit (4-byte) integer variables, with indices 0 through 9, may be stored as ten words at ...