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Mathematical fallacy. In mathematics, certain kinds of mistaken proof are often exhibited, and sometimes collected, as illustrations of a concept called mathematical fallacy. There is a distinction between a simple mistake and a mathematical fallacy in a proof, in that a mistake in a proof leads to an invalid proof while in the best-known ...
G. H. Hardy, A Mathematician's Apology (1940) He [Russell] said once, after some contact with the Chinese language, that he was horrified to find that the language of Principia Mathematica was an Indo-European one. John Edensor Littlewood, Littlewood's Miscellany (1986) The Principia Mathematica (often abbreviated PM) is a three-volume work on the foundations of mathematics written by ...
Wilson's theorem. In algebra and number theory, Wilson's theorem states that a natural number n > 1 is a prime number if and only if the product of all the positive integers less than n is one less than a multiple of n. That is (using the notations of modular arithmetic ), the factorial satisfies. exactly when n is a prime number.
The Basel problem is a problem in mathematical analysis with relevance to number theory, concerning an infinite sum of inverse squares. It was first posed by Pietro Mengoli in 1650 and solved by Leonhard Euler in 1734, [ 1] and read on 5 December 1735 in The Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences. [ 2] Since the problem had withstood the attacks ...
In additive number theory, Fermat 's theorem on sums of two squares states that an odd prime p can be expressed as: with x and y integers, if and only if. The prime numbers for which this is true are called Pythagorean primes . For example, the primes 5, 13, 17, 29, 37 and 41 are all congruent to 1 modulo 4, and they can be expressed as sums of ...
If the hundreds digit is odd, the number obtained by the last two digits must be 4 times an odd number. 352: 52 = 4 x 13. Add the last digit to twice the rest. The result must be divisible by 8. 56: (5 × 2) + 6 = 16. The last three digits are divisible by 8. [ 2][ 3] 34,152: Examine divisibility of just 152: 19 × 8.
This conjecture is known as Lemoine's conjecture and is also called Levy's conjecture. The Goldbach conjecture for practical numbers, a prime-like sequence of integers, was stated by Margenstern in 1984, [ 32] and proved by Melfi in 1996: [ 33] every even number is a sum of two practical numbers.
The concept of proof is formalized in the field of mathematical logic. [ 12] A formal proof is written in a formal language instead of natural language. A formal proof is a sequence of formulas in a formal language, starting with an assumption, and with each subsequent formula a logical consequence of the preceding ones.