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  2. Cryptography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography

    Cryptography is widely used on the internet to help protect user-data and prevent eavesdropping. To ensure secrecy during transmission, many systems use private key cryptography to protect transmitted information. With public-key systems, one can maintain secrecy without a master key or a large number of keys. [66]

  3. History of cryptography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cryptography

    Cryptography, the use of codes and ciphers to protect secrets, began thousands of years ago. [ 1] Until recent decades, it has been the story of what might be called classical cryptography — that is, of methods of encryption that use pen and paper, or perhaps simple mechanical aids. In the early 20th century, the invention of complex ...

  4. Public-key cryptography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography

    Public-key cryptography, or asymmetric cryptography, is the field of cryptographic systems that use pairs of related keys. Each key pair consists of a public key and a corresponding private key . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Key pairs are generated with cryptographic algorithms based on mathematical problems termed one-way functions .

  5. Caesar cipher - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_cipher

    In cryptography, a Caesar cipher, also known as Caesar's cipher, the shift cipher, Caesar's code, or Caesar shift, is one of the simplest and most widely known encryption techniques. It is a type of substitution cipher in which each letter in the plaintext is replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions down the alphabet .

  6. Symmetric-key algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric-key_algorithm

    Symmetric-key algorithm. Symmetric-key algorithms[ a] are algorithms for cryptography that use the same cryptographic keys for both the encryption of plaintext and the decryption of ciphertext. The keys may be identical, or there may be a simple transformation to go between the two keys. [ 1] The keys, in practice, represent a shared secret ...

  7. Ciphertext - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciphertext

    In cryptography, ciphertext or cyphertext is the result of encryption performed on plaintext using an algorithm, called a cipher. [ 1] Ciphertext is also known as encrypted or encoded information because it contains a form of the original plaintext that is unreadable by a human or computer without the proper cipher to decrypt it.

  8. Cipher - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher

    In cryptography, a cipher (or cypher) is an algorithm for performing encryption or decryption —a series of well-defined steps that can be followed as a procedure. An alternative, less common term is encipherment. To encipher or encode is to convert information into cipher or code. In common parlance, "cipher" is synonymous with "code", as ...

  9. Outline of cryptography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_cryptography

    Cryptography (or cryptology) – practice and study of hiding information. Modern cryptography intersects the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, and engineering. Applications of cryptography include ATM cards, computer passwords, and electronic commerce .

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