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Taoism or Daoism ( / ˈdaʊ.ɪzəm / ⓘ, / ˈtaʊ.ɪzəm / ⓘ) is a diverse philosophical and religious tradition indigenous to China, emphasizing harmony with the Tao —generally understood as an impersonal, enigmatic process of transformation ultimately underlying reality.
During the High Middle Ages, the Islamic world was at its cultural peak, supplying information and ideas to Europe, via Al-Andalus, Sicily and the Crusader kingdoms in the Levant. These included Latin translations of the Greek Classics and of Arabic texts in astronomy, mathematics, science, and medicine. Translation of Arabic philosophical ...
Relatively little is known about the religion during the first century of Islamic rule. During the early caliphates, Manichaeism attracted many followers. It had a significant appeal among the Muslim society, especially among the elites. A part of Manichaeism that specifically appealed to the Sasanians was the names of the Manichaean gods. The ...
Religion has been a major influence on the societies, cultures, traditions, philosophies, artistic expressions and laws within present-day Europe. The largest religion in Europe is Christianity. [1] However, irreligion and practical secularisation are also prominent in some countries. [2] [3] In Southeastern Europe, three countries ( Bosnia and ...
Gates of the wenmiao of Datong, Shanxi. Confucianism, also known as Ruism or Ru classicism, [ 1] is a system of thought and behavior originating in ancient China, and is variously described as a tradition, philosophy ( humanistic or rationalistic ), religion, theory of government, or way of life. [ 2]
v. t. e. Translation studies is an academic interdiscipline dealing with the systematic study of the theory, description and application of translation, interpreting, and localization. As an interdiscipline, translation studies borrows much from the various fields of study that support translation. These include comparative literature, computer ...
[4] [5] Sacred texts like the Bible, the Quran, and others did not have a word or even a concept of religion in the original languages and neither did the people or the cultures in which these sacred texts were written. [6] [7] The word religion as used in the 21st century does not have an obvious pre-colonial translation into non-European ...
Theories of religion can be classified into: [6] Substantive (or essentialist) theories that focus on the contents of religions and the meaning the contents have for people. This approach asserts that people have faith because beliefs make sense insofar as they hold value and are comprehensible. The theories by Tylor and Frazer (focusing on the ...