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Latitude is a coordinate that specifies the north-south position of a point on the surface of the Earth or another celestial body. Learn how latitude is defined on a sphere, an ellipsoid and a plane, and how it is measured with different methods and instruments.
Learn about the pattern of higher biodiversity in the tropics than in the poles, and the hypotheses that explain it. Explore the history, methods, and challenges of studying this ecological phenomenon.
Learn how to measure and communicate positions on Earth using latitude and longitude, and how different geodetic datums affect the coordinates. Explore the history and standards of the geographic coordinate system and its applications in cartography and geodesy.
Learn how to calculate the distance between two points on the Earth's surface using different approximations and formulae. Compare flat, spherical and ellipsoidal models and their errors and limitations.
Geopositioning is the process of determining or estimating the geographic position of an object using various methods and systems. Learn about the principles, techniques, and applications of geopositioning, such as GPS, celestial navigation, and visual fixes.
Learn about the definition, history and types of meridians, the lines of longitude that connect points of equal angle east or west of a prime meridian. Find out how Greenwich became the international standard and how it affects time zones and navigation.
Learn about the history, properties and applications of the Mercator projection, a conformal cylindrical map projection that preserves directions but distorts sizes. Find out how it became the standard map projection for navigation and web maps, and how it differs from other projections.
Geodetic coordinates are a type of curvilinear orthogonal coordinate system used in geodesy based on a reference ellipsoid. They include geodetic latitude (north/south), longitude (east/west), and ellipsoidal height (also known as geodetic height).