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v. t. e. A spirit duplicator (also referred to as a Rexograph or Ditto machine in North America, Banda machine or Fordigraph machine in the U.K. and Australia) is a printing method invented in 1923 by Wilhelm Ritzerfeld that was commonly used for much of the rest of the 20th century. The term "spirit duplicator" refers to the alcohols that were ...
The rotary press itself is an evolution of the cylinder press, also patented by William Nicholson, invented by Beaucher of France in the 1780s and by Friedrich Koenig in the early 19th century. [1] [2] Rotary drum printing was invented by Josiah Warren in 1832, [3] whose design was later imitated by Richard March Hoe in 1843. [4]
A heliographic copier or heliographic duplicator [1] is an apparatus used in the world of reprography for making contact prints on paper from original drawings made with that purpose on tracing paper, parchment paper or any other transparent or translucent material using different procedures. In general terms some type of heliographic copier is ...
Gestetner. An A4-size Gestetner offset-printing machine. The Gestetner is a type of duplicating machine named after its inventor, David Gestetner (1854–1939). During the 20th century, the term Gestetner was used as a verb—as in Gestetnering. [1] The Gestetner company established its base in London, filing its first patent in 1879.
Duplicating machines. Duplicating machines were the predecessors of modern document-reproduction technology. They have now been replaced by digital duplicators, scanners, laser printers and photocopiers, but for many years they were the primary means of reproducing documents for limited-run distribution. The duplicator was pioneered by Thomas ...
A mimeograph machine (often abbreviated to mimeo, sometimes called a stencil duplicator or stencil machine) was a low-cost duplicating machine that worked by forcing ink through a stencil onto paper. [1] The process was called mimeography, and a copy made by the process was a mimeograph . Mimeographs, along with spirit duplicators and ...
The Print Media Academy in Heidelberg. Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG ( German pronunciation: [ˈhaɪdl̩ˌbɛʁɡɐ ˈdʁʊkmaˌʃiːnən ʔaːˈɡeː] ⓘ) is a German precision mechanical engineering company with registered offices in Heidelberg ( Baden-Württemberg) and headquarters in Wiesloch/Walldorf (Baden-Württemberg). The company ...
Linotype machine. The Linotype machine ( / ˈlaɪnətaɪp / LYNE-ə-type) is a "line casting" machine used in printing which is manufactured and sold by the former Mergenthaler Linotype Company and related companies. [1] It was a hot metal typesetting system that cast lines of metal type for one-time use.