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The European genetic structure today (based on 273,464 SNPs). Three levels of structure as revealed by PC analysis are shown: A) inter-continental; B) intra-continental; and C) inside a single country (Estonia), where median values of the PC1&2 are shown. D) European map illustrating the origin of sample and population size.
The biogeographic regions of Europe are biogeographic regions defined by the European Environment Agency . They were initially limited to the European Union member states, but later extended to cover all of Europe west of the Urals, including all of Turkey. The map of biogeographic regions is deliberately simplified and ignores local anomalies.
The include: DNA Data Bank of Japan ( National Institute of Genetics) EMBL ( European Bioinformatics Institute) GenBank ( National Center for Biotechnology Information) DDBJ (Japan), GenBank (USA) and European Nucleotide Archive (Europe) are repositories for nucleotide sequence data from all organisms.
European grid. The European grid is a proposed, multipurpose Pan- European mapping standard. [1] It is based on the ETRS89 coordinate reference system and the Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection, with the centre of the projection at the point 52° N, 10° E and false easting: x0 = 4321000 m, false northing: y0 = 3210000 m (CRS identifier in ...
A grid cell is a type of neuron within the entorhinal cortex that fires at regular intervals as an animal navigates an open area, allowing it to understand its position in space by storing and integrating information about location, distance, and direction. [1] Grid cells have been found in many animals, including rats, [1] mice, [2] bats, [3 ...
Subregions of Europe based on The World Factbook : Central Europe. Eastern Europe. Northern Europe. South-eastern Europe. Southern Europe. South-western Europe. Western Europe. Groupings by compass directions are the hardest to define in Europe, since there are a few calculations of the midpoint of Europe (among other issues), and the pure ...
The signal that starts the MAPK/ERK pathway is the binding of extracellular mitogen to a cell surface receptor. This allows a Ras protein (a Small GTPase) to swap a GDP molecule for a GTP molecule, flipping the "on/off switch" of the pathway. The Ras protein can then activate MAP3K (e.g., Raf ), which activates MAP2K, which activates MAPK.
The Human Cell Atlas project, which started in 2016, had as one of its goals to "catalog all cell types (for example, immune cells or brain cells) and sub-types in the human body". [12] By 2018, the Human Cell Atlas description based the project on the assumption that "our characterization of the hundreds of types and subtypes of cells in the ...