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The techniques used for navigation in the air will depend on whether the aircraft is flying under visual flight rules (VFR) or instrument flight rules (IFR). In the latter case, the pilot will navigate exclusively using instruments and radio navigation aids such as beacons, or as directed under radar control by air traffic control.
Aeronautical chart. An aeronautical chart is a map designed to assist in the navigation of aircraft, much as nautical charts do for watercraft, or a roadmap does for drivers. Using these charts and other tools, pilots are able to determine their position, safe altitude, best route to a destination, navigation aids along the way, alternative ...
A sectional chart is a two-sided chart created from a Lambert Conformal Conic Projection [1] with two defined standard parallels. The scale is 1:500,000, with a contour interval of 500 feet. The size of each sectional is designed to be "arm's width" when completely unfolded. The "northern" half of the section is on one side of the chart, and ...
In United States aviation, a sectional aeronautical chart, often called a sectional chart or a sectional for short, is a type of aeronautical chart designed for air navigation under visual flight rules (VFR). In Australia, Canada and some other countries, the equivalent charts used for visual flight are called VFR Navigation Charts (VNCs).
The lighted Airway Beacons were a substantial navigation aid in an era prior to the development of radio navigation. However, their effectiveness was limited by visibility and weather conditions. 24 inches (610 mm) diameter rotating beacons were mounted on 53-foot (16 m) high towers, and spaced ten miles apart.
An en-route (also known as en route [1] or enroute [2]) chart provides detailed information useful for instrument flight, including information on radionavigation aids (navaids) such as VORs and NDBs, navigational fixes ( waypoints and intersections), standard airways, airport locations, minimum altitudes, and so on.
Waypoint. A waypoint is an intermediate point or place on a route or line of travel, a stopping point or point at which course is changed, [1] [2] the first use of the term tracing to 1880. [2] In modern terms, it most often refers to coordinates which specify one's position on the globe at the end of each "leg" (stage) of an air flight or sea ...
A World Aeronautical Chart ( WAC) was a type of aeronautical chart used for navigation by pilots of moderate speed aircraft and aircraft at high altitudes in the United States. They are at a scale of 1:1,000,000 (about 1 inch = 13.7 nautical miles or 16 statute miles). WACs were discontinued by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in 2015.
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