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Political scientists typically distinguish between two levels of political polarization: elite and mass. "Elite polarization" focuses on the polarization of the political elites, like party organizers and elected officials. "Mass polarization" (or popular polarization) focuses on the polarization of the masses, most often the electorate or ...
According to psychology professors Gordon Heltzel and Kristin Laurin, political polarization occurs when "subsets of a population adopt increasingly dissimilar attitudes toward parties and party members (i.e., affective polarization), as well as ideologies and policies (ideological polarization.)"
Polarization (economics) Economists refer to the polarization of the labor force when middle-class jobs—requiring a moderate level of skills, like autoworkers’ jobs—seem to disappear relative to those at the bottom, requiring few skills, and those at the top, requiring greater skill levels. [1] The structure of job opportunities in the ...
Polarization, a scholar has quipped, is a problem that no one can explain or solve. We know that a vast ideological gulf now separates most Democratic from most Republican politicians.
The HuffPost/YouGov poll is a collaborative effort of the Huffington Post and YouGov, who share responsibility for survey content and the costs of data collection. Each survey consists of approximately 1,000 completed interviews among U.S. adults using a sample selected from YouGov’s opt-in online panel of all 50 states plus the District of ...
Backsliding entails deterioration of qualities associated with democratic governance, within any regime. In democratic regimes, it is a decline in the quality of democracy; in autocracies, it is a decline in democratic qualities of governance. ^ Lindberg, Staffan I. "The Nature of Democratic Backsliding in Europe".
The implications of special elections for national politics vary greatly. There’s a reason why White House Chief Strategist Steve Bannon is keeping a close eye on the battle for Georgia’s 6th Congressional District, a heavily Republican area where Democrats are putting up a major fight , rather than on other down-ballot races.
This is an Associated Press estimate of how much of the vote in an election has been counted. It is informed by turnout in recent elections, details on votes cast in advance and – after polls close – early returns.