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ISO 6709, Standard representation of geographic point location by coordinates, is the international standard for representation of latitude, longitude and altitude for geographic point locations. The first edition ( ISO 6709:1983) was developed by ISO/IEC JTC 1 /SC 32. Later the standard was transferred to ISO/TC211, Geographic information ...
In geodesy, geographic coordinate conversion is defined as translation among different coordinate formats or map projections all referenced to the same geodetic datum. [ 1] A geographic coordinate transformation is a translation among different geodetic datums. Both geographic coordinate conversion and transformation will be considered in this ...
Decimal degrees ( DD) is a notation for expressing latitude and longitude geographic coordinates as decimal fractions of a degree. DD are used in many geographic information systems (GIS), web mapping applications such as OpenStreetMap, and GPS devices. Decimal degrees are an alternative to using sexagesimal degrees (degrees, minutes, and ...
v. t. e. A geographic coordinate system ( GCS) is a spherical or geodetic coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on Earth as latitude and longitude. [ 1] It is the simplest, oldest and most widely used of the various spatial reference systems that are in use, and forms the basis for most others.
In cartography, a map projection is any of a broad set of transformations employed to represent the curved two-dimensional surface of a globe on a plane. [ 1][ 2][ 3] In a map projection, coordinates, often expressed as latitude and longitude, of locations from the surface of the globe are transformed to coordinates on a plane. [ 4][ 5 ...
and λ is the longitude, λ 0 is the central meridian, φ is the latitude, and R is the radius of the globe to be projected. The map has area 4 π R 2, conforming to the surface area of the generating globe. The x-coordinate has a range of [−2R √ 2, 2R √ 2], and the y-coordinate has a range of [−R √ 2, R √ 2].
Equirectangular projection. Equirectangular projection of the world; the standard parallel is the equator (plate carrée projection). Height map of planet Earth at 2km per pixel, including oceanic bathymetry information, normalized as 8-bit grayscale. Because of its easy conversion between x, y pixel information and lat-lon, maps like these are ...
A geographic information system ( GIS) consists of integrated computer hardware and software that store, manage, analyze, edit, output, and visualize geographic data. [ 1][ 2] Much of this often happens within a spatial database; however, this is not essential to meet the definition of a GIS. [ 1] In a broader sense, one may consider such a ...