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The polypeptide chain then folds and is post-translationally modified. Protein biosynthesis (or protein synthesis) is a core biological process, occurring inside cells, balancing the loss of cellular proteins (via degradation or export) through the production of new proteins. Proteins perform a number of critical functions as enzymes ...
Protein anabolism is the process by which proteins are formed from amino acids. It relies on five processes: amino acid synthesis, transcription, translation, post translational modifications, and protein folding. Proteins are made from amino acids. In humans, some amino acids can be synthesized using already existing intermediates.
Overview of eukaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA) translation Translation of mRNA and ribosomal protein synthesis Initiation and elongation stages of translation involving RNA nucleobases, the ribosome, transfer RNA, and amino acids The three phases of translation: (1) in initiation, the small ribosomal subunit binds to the RNA strand and the initiator tRNA–amino acid complex binds to the start ...
There are many checkpoints in the cell cycle, [ 1] but the three major ones are: the G1 checkpoint, also known as the Start or restriction checkpoint or Major Checkpoint; the G2/M checkpoint; and the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, also known as the spindle checkpoint. [ 2] Progression through these checkpoints is largely determined by the ...
Protein catabolism is a key function of digestion process. Protein catabolism often begins with pepsin, which converts proteins into polypeptides. These polypeptides are then further degraded. In humans, the pancreatic proteases include trypsin, chymotrypsin, and other enzymes. In the intestine, the small peptides are broken down into amino ...
Amino acid activation is a prerequisite to the initiation of translation and protein synthesis. Peptide bond formation is an endergonic, thermodynamically unfavorable process, so amino acids must be activated by covalent linkage to tRNA molecules. The energy stored within the aminoacyl-tRNA bond is used to drive peptide bond formation.
A protein synthesis inhibitor is a compound that stops or slows the growth or proliferation of cells by disrupting the processes that lead directly to the generation of new proteins. [ 1] A ribosome is a biological machine that utilizes protein dynamics on nanoscales to translate RNA into proteins. While a broad interpretation of this ...
Most amino acids are synthesized from α- ketoacids, and later transaminated from another amino acid, usually glutamate. The enzyme involved in this reaction is an aminotransferase . α-ketoacid + glutamate ⇄ amino acid + α-ketoglutarate. Glutamate itself is formed by amination of α-ketoglutarate : α-ketoglutarate + NH+. 4 ⇄ glutamate.