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A standard method of evaluating the secant integral presented in various references involves multiplying the numerator and denominator by sec θ + tan θ and then using the substitution u = sec θ + tan θ. This substitution can be obtained from the derivatives of secant and tangent added together, which have secant as a common factor.
More detail may be found on the following pages for the lists of integrals : Gradshteyn, Ryzhik, Geronimus, Tseytlin, Jeffrey, Zwillinger, and Moll 's (GR) Table of Integrals, Series, and Products contains a large collection of results. An even larger, multivolume table is the Integrals and Series by Prudnikov, Brychkov, and Marichev (with ...
The hyperbolic functions represent an expansion of trigonometry beyond the circular functions. Both types depend on an argument, either circular angle or hyperbolic angle . Since the area of a circular sector with radius r and angle u (in radians) is r2u/2, it will be equal to u when r = √2. In the diagram, such a circle is tangent to the ...
A formula for computing the trigonometric identities for the one-third angle exists, but it requires finding the zeroes of the cubic equation 4x 3 − 3x + d = 0, where is the value of the cosine function at the one-third angle and d is the known value of the cosine function at
The differentiation of trigonometric functions is the mathematical process of finding the derivative of a trigonometric function, or its rate of change with respect to a variable. For example, the derivative of the sine function is written sin ′ ( a) = cos ( a ), meaning that the rate of change of sin ( x) at a particular angle x = a is given ...
There are three common notations for inverse trigonometric functions. The arcsine function, for instance, could be written as sin−1, asin, or, as is used on this page, arcsin. For each inverse trigonometric integration formula below there is a corresponding formula in the list of integrals of inverse hyperbolic functions.
Alternately hyperbolic angle is the area of a sector of the hyperbola Some authors call the inverse hyperbolic functions hyperbolic area functions. [ 1] Hyperbolic functions occur in the calculations of angles and distances in hyperbolic geometry. It also occurs in the solutions of many linear differential equations (such as the equation ...
For the special antiderivatives involving trigonometric functions, see Trigonometric integral. [ 1] Generally, if the function is any trigonometric function, and is its derivative, {\displaystyle \int a\cos nx\,dx= {\frac {a} {n}}\sin nx+C} In all formulas the constant a is assumed to be nonzero, and C denotes the constant of integration .