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The works of Ibn Khordadbeh (c. 870) and Jayhani (c. 910s) were at the basis of a new Perso-Arab tradition in Persia and Central Asia. [10] The exact relationship between the books of Khordadbeh and Jayhani is unknown, because the two books had the same title, have often been mixed up, and Jayhani's book has been lost, so that it can only be approximately reconstructed from the works of other ...
The Constitution of Medina (دستور المدينة, Dustūr al-Madīna), also known as the Umma Document, [1] is a document dealing with tribal affairs during the Islamic prophet Muhammad's time in Medina [2] and formed the basis of a multi-religious state under his leadership.
The medieval Islamic world underwent significant developments in mathematics. Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwārizmī played a key role in this transformation, introducing algebra as a distinct field in the 9th century. Al-Khwārizmī 's approach, departing from earlier arithmetical traditions, laid the groundwork for the arithmetization of algebra ...
The spread of Islam spans almost 1,400 years. The early Muslim conquests that occurred following the death of Muhammad in 632 CE led to the creation of the caliphates, expanding over a vast geographical area; conversion to Islam was boosted by Arab Muslim forces expanding over vast territories and building imperial structures over time. [ 1][ 2 ...
In his reign, a currency for the Muslim world was minted. This led to war with the Byzantine Empire under Justinian II (Battle of Sebastopolis) in 692 in Asia Minor. The Byzantines were decisively defeated by the Caliph after the defection of a large contingent of Slavs. The Islamic currency was then made the exclusive currency in the Muslim world.
Muhammad and the Rashidun Caliphs. 6th century CE (13 BH – 23 BH) The Umayyad Caliphate, the Abbasid Caliphate and its fragmentation, the Mamluk Sultanate, the Delhi Sultanate. 7th century CE (23 BH – 81 AH) 8th century CE (81 AH – 184 AH) 9th century CE (184 AH – 288 AH) 10th century CE (288 AH – 391 AH)
The general consensus of modern Muslim scholars is that the Isra' and Mi'raj were specific to a physical place called al-Masjid al-Aqsā ("the Far Mosque") and that Muhammad did indeed go to a physical location. Minority Muslim groups have also regarded the journey as an out-of-body experience.
Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion teaching that there is only one God ( Allah) [ 1] and that Muhammad is His last Messenger. [ 2][ 3] The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Islam.