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Simplified diagram of the structure of a virus. A virus particle, also called a virion, consists of genes made from DNA or RNA which are surrounded by a protective coat of protein called a capsid. [23] The capsid is made of many smaller, identical protein molecules called capsomers.
The capsid and entire virus structure can be mechanically (physically) probed through atomic force microscopy. [43] [44] In general, there are five main morphological virus types: Helical These viruses are composed of a single type of capsomere stacked around a central axis to form a helical structure, which may have a central cavity, or tube ...
The genome and proteins of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) have been the subject of extensive research since the discovery of the virus in 1983. [1] [2] "In the search for the causative agent, it was initially believed that the virus was a form of the Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), which was known at the time to affect the human immune system and cause certain leukemias.
Visna-maedi virus. The human immunodeficiency viruses ( HIV) are two species of Lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that infect humans. Over time, they cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), [ 1][ 2] a condition in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. [ 3]
RNA virus. Taxonomy and replication strategies of different types of RNA viruses. An RNA virus is a virus —other than a retrovirus —that has ribonucleic acid ( RNA) as its genetic material. [1] The nucleic acid is usually single-stranded RNA ( ssRNA) but it may be double-stranded (dsRNA). [2]
Capsid. Schematic of a cytomegalovirus. Illustration of geometric model changing between two possible capsids. A similar change of size has been observed as the result of a single amino-acid mutation [1] A capsid is the protein shell of a virus, enclosing its genetic material. It consists of several oligomeric (repeating) structural subunits ...
Influenza virus life cycle. Entry. Replication. Latency. Shedding. Viruses are only able to replicate themselves by commandeering the reproductive apparatus of cells and making them reproduce the virus's genetic structure and particles instead. How viruses do this depends mainly on the type of nucleic acid DNA or RNA they contain, which is ...
The structure of hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis B virus is a member of the Hepadnavirus family. [11] The virus particle, called Dane particle [12] (), consists of an outer lipid envelope and an icosahedral nucleocapsid core composed of protein.