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The study of polyomino tilings largely concerns two classes of problems: to tile a rectangle with congruent tiles, and to pack one of each n-omino into a rectangle. A classic puzzle of the second kind is to arrange all twelve pentominoes into rectangles sized 3×20, 4×15, 5×12 or 6×10.
It is also the densest possible packing of discs with this size ratio (ratio of 0.6375559772 with packing fraction (area density) of 0.910683). [8] There are also a range of problems which permit the sizes of the circles to be non-uniform.
A golden rectangle—that is, a rectangle with an aspect ratio of —may be cut into a square and a smaller rectangle with the same aspect ratio. The golden ratio has been used to analyze the proportions of natural objects and artificial systems such as financial markets, in some cases based on dubious fits to data. [8]
Also bear in mind that the fraction 2/3 is the single exception, used in addition to integers, that Ahmes uses alongside all (positive) rational unit fractions to express Egyptian fractions. The 2/n table can be said to partially follow an algorithm (see problem 61B) for expressing 2/n as an Egyptian fraction of 2 terms, when n is composite.
Superellipse. A superellipse, also known as a Lamé curve after Gabriel Lamé, is a closed curve resembling the ellipse, retaining the geometric features of semi-major axis and semi-minor axis, and symmetry about them, but defined by an equation that allows for various shapes between a rectangle and an ellipse.
Sphere packing finds practical application in the stacking of cannonballs. In geometry, a sphere packing is an arrangement of non-overlapping spheres within a containing space. The spheres considered are usually all of identical size, and the space is usually three- dimensional Euclidean space. However, sphere packing problems can be ...
The solid angle of a sphere measured from any point in its interior is 4 π sr, and the solid angle subtended at the center of a cube by one of its faces is one-sixth of that, or 2 π /3 sr. Solid angles can also be measured in square degrees (1 sr = (180/ π) 2 square degrees), in square arc-minutes and square arc-seconds, or in fractions of ...
The surface-area-to-volume ratio has physical dimension inverse length (L −1) and is therefore expressed in units of inverse metre (m -1) or its prefixed unit multiples and submultiples. As an example, a cube with sides of length 1 cm will have a surface area of 6 cm 2 and a volume of 1 cm 3. The surface to volume ratio for this cube is thus.
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