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UTM is a map projection system that assigns coordinates to locations on the Earth's surface, ignoring altitude and treating the Earth as a perfect ellipsoid. It divides the Earth into 60 zones, each 6 degrees of longitude wide, and uses a transverse Mercator projection with a standard scale factor of 0.9996.
Geodetic coordinates are a type of curvilinear orthogonal coordinate system used in geodesy based on a reference ellipsoid. They include geodetic latitude (north/south), longitude (east/west), and ellipsoidal height (also known as geodetic height).
Learn about the spherical coordinate system for three-dimensional space, where the position of a point is specified by radial distance, polar angle, and azimuthal angle. Compare different conventions and terminologies for these angles, such as colatitude, elevation, and longitude.
Learn about the history, features and uses of the Mercator projection, a conformal cylindrical map projection presented by Gerardus Mercator in 1569. The Mercator projection is widely used for navigation, web maps and atlases, but it distorts the size and shape of landmasses near the poles.
Learn how to measure and communicate positions on Earth using latitude and longitude, and how different geodetic datums affect the coordinates. Explore the history and standards of the geographic coordinate system and its applications in cartography and geodesy.
Latitude is a coordinate that specifies the north-south position of a point on the surface of the Earth or another celestial body. Learn how latitude is defined on a sphere, an ellipsoid and a plane, and how it is measured with different methods and instruments.
Longitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east-west position of a point on the surface of the Earth or another celestial body. Learn about the ancient and modern concepts, methods and challenges of measuring longitude, and the role of time, eclipses, telescopes and clocks.
The Mollweide projection, also known as the homalographic projection, is an equal-area map projection that preserves area proportions. It is used for world or celestial sphere maps, and has various forms and properties.